Margarethe Kahn: Difference between revisions

Margarethe Kahn
Margarethe Kahn
Born	27 August 1880; Eschwege, German Empire
Died	28 March 1942 (aged 61) ; (deported to Piaski on this date, and missing since then); Piaski, Poland
Nationality	German
Alma mater	University of Göttingen
	Scientific career
Fields	Mathematics (algebraic geometry)
Thesis	Eine allgemeine Methode zur Untersuchung der Gestalten algebraischer Kurven [A general method for the study of the forms of algebraic curves] (1909)
Doctoral advisor	David Hilbert
Other academic advisors	Felix Klein

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Margarethe Kahn^[1] (known as Grete Kahn,^[2] also Margarete Kahn,^[3] born 27 August 1880, missing after deportation to Piaski, Poland on 28 March 1942) was a German mathematician and Holocaust victim.^[4] She was among the first women to obtain a doctorate in Germany. Her doctoral work was on the topology of algebraic curves.

Life and work

Margarethe Kahn was the daughter of Eschwege merchant and flannel factory owner Albert Kahn (1853–1905) and his wife Johanne (née Plaut, 1857–1882). She had an older brother Otto (1879–1932). Five years after the untimely death of his wife Johanne, their father married her younger sister Julie (1860–1934), with whom he had a daughter, Margarethe's half-sister Martha (1888–1942).^[5]

After attending elementary school from 1887, and the Higher School for Girls from 1889 to 1896, Kahn until 1904 took private lessons to prepare for her Abitur, because few high schools for girls existed at that time in Hesse, Germany. In 1904 she was given permission to take her Abitur at the Royal Gymnasium in Bad Hersfeld. Thus she belonged to the small elite of young women in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century who were allowed to take the Abitur externally at boys' schools. Konrad Duden signed her Abitur certificate as school principal.

Since Prussia began to allow women to formally attend university only from the winter semester of 1908–09, Kahn and her friend Klara Löbenstein first attended the universities of Berlin and Göttingen as guest students. In addition, Kahn attended lectures and tutorials in mathematics at the Technische Hochschule in Charlottenburg (now Technische Universität Berlin). They studied mathematics, physics, and propaedeutics at Berlin and Göttingen. At the University of Göttingen she attended lectures given by, among others, David Hilbert, Felix Klein, Woldemar Voigt, and Georg Elias Müller; in Berlin she attended lectures by Hermann Amandus Schwarz and Paul Drude at the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences. Her field of expertise was algebraic geometry. Together with Löbenstein she made a contribution to Hilbert's sixteenth problem.^[5] Hilbert's sixteenth problem concerned the topology of algebraic curves in the complex projective plane; as a difficult special case in his formulation of the problem Hilbert proposed that there are no algebraic curves of degree 6 consisting of 11 separate ovals. Kahn and Löbenstein developed methods to address this problem.

Against opposition in particular from the Berlin faculty, but supported by the University of Göttingen and Felix Klein, Kahn obtained a doctorate in 1909 under David Hilbert in Göttingen, with a dissertation titled Eine allgemeine Methode zur Untersuchung der Gestalten algebraischer Kurven [A general method to investigate the shapes of algebraic curves] and was therefore one of the first German women to obtain a doctorate in mathematics (the mathematics division was part of the faculty of philosophy then). She took her oral examination – again, along with Löbenstein – on 30 June 1909.

Kahn could not pursue a scientific career because women in Germany were not admitted to habilitation before 1920. She therefore sought a career as a schoolteacher, and in October 1912 she obtained a job in the Prussian school system, where she worked as a teacher for secondary schools in Katowice, Dortmund, and from 1929 in Berlin-Tegel at today's Gabriele-von-Bülow-Gymnasium, and later in Berlin-Pankow at today's Carl-von-Ossietzky-Gymnasium.^[6]

As a Jew, she was forced to go on leave by the Nazis in 1933, and was dismissed from the school in 1936. She was forced to work as a factory worker at the Nordland Schneeketten (Nordland snow chains) factory. On 28 March 1942, Kahn and her by then widowed sister Martha were deported to Piaski and are considered missing since then.^[7]

On 13 September 2008, a Stolperstein was laid at 127 Rudolstädter Straße in Wilmersdorf in memory of Margarethe Kahn, as well as on 26 May 2010 in front of her parents' former house at Stad 29 in Eschwege, where additionally a commemorative plaque was attached on 13 December 2017.^[8] In 2013, a street in Leverkusen was named after her.^[9]

Publications

Kahn, Margarete (1909). "Eine allgemeine Methode zur Untersuchung der Gestalten algebraischer Kurven" [A general method for the study of the forms of algebraic curves]. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Göttingen (in German). Göttingen: W. Fr. Kaestner.

References

^ Entry in the birth register of the registry office Eschwege 1880, no. 214: secondary birth register Eschwege 1880 (HStM Order 923 no. 1834) and entry in the birth register of the synagogue community Eschwege 1825–1936, no. 591: birth register of the Jews of Eschwege 1825–1936 (HHStAW Abt . 365 No. 145), available online LAGIS Hesse
^ Gedenkbuch – Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933–1945, Bundesarchiv (Memorial book – Victims of the persecution of the Jews under the National Socialist dictatorship 1933–1945, German Federal Archives): Kahn, Margarete Margarethe
^ Handwritten, personally signed application for a doctorate dated 2 June 1909, doctoral file in the Göttingen University archive, signature UAG.Phil.Prom.Spec.K.II
^ (Germany), Bundesarchiv (2006). "Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933–1945" [Victims of persecution of the Jews under the Nazi dictatorship in Germany from 1933–1945]. Federal Archives (in German). Vol. 2. p. 1595. ISBN 3-89192-137-3.
^ ^a ^b König, York-Egbert (2009). "Ein Leben für die Mathematik – Vor 90 Jahren legte Grete Kahn als erste Eschwegerin die Doktorprüfung ab" [A life for mathematics – 90 years ago Grete Kahn was the first woman from Eschwege to earn a doctorate]. Mitteilungen des Vereins für Hessische Geschichte und Landeskunde (in German). 50: 39–40.
^ König, York-Egbert; Prauss, Christina; Tobies, Renate (2011). Simon, Hermann (ed.). Margarete Kahn. Klara Löbenstein. Mathematikerinnen – Studienrätinnen – Freundinnen [Margarete Kahn. Klara Löbenstein. Mathematicians – Teachers – Friends] (in German). Vol. 108 (Jüdische Miniaturen ed.). Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich. p. 55. ISBN 978-3-942271-23-3.
^ Gottwaldt, Alfred; Schulle, Diana (2005). Die "Judendeportationen" aus dem Deutschen Reich von 1941–1945 – eine kommentierte Chronologie [The "deportation of Jews" from the German Reich from 1941–1945: An annotated chronology] (in German). Wiesbaden. p. 188. ISBN 978-3-86539-059-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "Stolperstein Rudolstädter Str. 127". berlin.de (in German). 13 September 2008. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
^ "Grete-Kahn-Str". leverkusen.com (in German). 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2014.

External links

Literature by and about Margarethe Kahn in the German National Library catalogue
Tobies, Renate (1 March 2009). "Margarete Kahn". Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 10 January 2014.

[1] Entry in the birth register of the registry office Eschwege 1880, no. 214: secondary birth register Eschwege 1880 (HStM Order 923 no. 1834) and entry in the birth register of the synagogue community Eschwege 1825–1936, no. 591: birth register of the Jews of Eschwege 1825–1936 (HHStAW Abt . 365 No. 145), available online LAGIS Hesse

[2] Gedenkbuch – Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933–1945, Bundesarchiv (Memorial book – Victims of the persecution of the Jews under the National Socialist dictatorship 1933–1945, German Federal Archives): Kahn, Margarete Margarethe

[3] Handwritten, personally signed application for a doctorate dated 2 June 1909, doctoral file in the Göttingen University archive, signature UAG.Phil.Prom.Spec.K.II

[4] (Germany), Bundesarchiv (2006). "Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933–1945" [Victims of persecution of the Jews under the Nazi dictatorship in Germany from 1933–1945]. Federal Archives (in German). Vol. 2. p. 1595. ISBN 3-89192-137-3.

[yek-5] König, York-Egbert (2009). "Ein Leben für die Mathematik – Vor 90 Jahren legte Grete Kahn als erste Eschwegerin die Doktorprüfung ab" [A life for mathematics – 90 years ago Grete Kahn was the first woman from Eschwege to earn a doctorate]. Mitteilungen des Vereins für Hessische Geschichte und Landeskunde (in German). 50: 39–40.

[6] König, York-Egbert; Prauss, Christina; Tobies, Renate (2011). Simon, Hermann (ed.). Margarete Kahn. Klara Löbenstein. Mathematikerinnen – Studienrätinnen – Freundinnen [Margarete Kahn. Klara Löbenstein. Mathematicians – Teachers – Friends] (in German). Vol. 108 (Jüdische Miniaturen ed.). Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich. p. 55. ISBN 978-3-942271-23-3.

[7] Gottwaldt, Alfred; Schulle, Diana (2005). Die "Judendeportationen" aus dem Deutschen Reich von 1941–1945 – eine kommentierte Chronologie [The "deportation of Jews" from the German Reich from 1941–1945: An annotated chronology] (in German). Wiesbaden. p. 188. ISBN 978-3-86539-059-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[8] "Stolperstein Rudolstädter Str. 127". berlin.de (in German). 13 September 2008. Retrieved 10 January 2014.

[9] "Grete-Kahn-Str". leverkusen.com (in German). 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2014.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
-{{short description|German mathematician}}
+{{short description|German mathematician (1880–1942)}}
 {{Infobox scientist
-| name              = Margarete Kahn
+| name              = Margarethe Kahn
-| native_name       =
+| image             = MargaretheKahn1930.png
-| native_name_lang  =
-| image             = <!--(as myimage.jpg, no 'File:')-->
 | image_size        =
 | alt               =
 | caption           =
 | birth_date        = {{Birth date|df=y|1880|8|27}}
 | birth_place       = [[Eschwege]], [[German Empire]]
 | death_date        = {{Death date and age|df=y|1942|3|28|1880|8|27}} <br /> (deported to Piaski on this date, and missing since then)
-| death_place       = [[Piaski, Świdnik County|Piaski]], [[Poland]]
+| death_place       = [[Piaski, Świdnik County|Piaski]], Poland
 | resting_place     =
 | resting_place_coordinates = <!--
                       {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} -->
 | other_names       =
-| residence         = [[Germany]]
+| nationality       = German
-| citizenship       = [[Germany|German]]
-| nationality       = [[Germany|German]]
 | fields            = [[Mathematics]] ([[algebraic geometry]])
 | workplaces        =
@@ Line 43: / Line 40: @@
 }}
-'''Margarete Kahn''' (known as '''Grete Kahn''', born 27 August 1880, missing after deportation to [[Piaski, Świdnik County|Piaski]], [[Poland]] on 28 March 1942) was a [[Germans|German]] [[mathematician]] and [[Holocaust victim]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933–1945 |language=de |trans-title=Victims of persecution of the Jews under the Nazi dictatorship in Germany from 1933–1945 |encyclopedia=Federal Archives |volume=2 |isbn=3-891-92137-3 |pages=1595 |last1=(Germany) |first1=Bundesarchiv }}</ref> She was among the first women to obtain a [[doctorate]] in [[Germany]]. Her doctoral work was on the [[topology]] of [[algebraic curves]].
+'''Margarethe Kahn'''<ref>Entry in the birth register of the registry office Eschwege 1880, no. 214: secondary birth register Eschwege 1880 (HStM Order 923 no. 1834) and entry in the birth register of the synagogue community Eschwege 1825–1936, no. 591: birth register of the Jews of Eschwege 1825–1936 (HHStAW Abt . 365 No. 145), available online [https://www.lagis-hessen.de/de/subjects/gsrec/current/1/sn/bio?q=Margarethe+Kahn LAGIS Hesse]</ref> (known as '''Grete Kahn''',<ref>Gedenkbuch – Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933–1945, Bundesarchiv (Memorial book – Victims of the persecution of the Jews under the National Socialist dictatorship 1933–1945, German Federal Archives): [https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/de1084822 Kahn, Margarete Margarethe]</ref> also '''Margarete Kahn''',<ref>Handwritten, personally signed application for a doctorate dated 2 June 1909, doctoral file in the [https://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/sammlungen-historische-bestaende/universitaetsarchiv-goettingen/ Göttingen University archive], signature UAG.Phil.Prom.Spec.K.II</ref> born 27 August 1880, missing after deportation to [[Piaski, Świdnik County|Piaski]], Poland on 28 March 1942) was a German [[mathematician]] and [[Holocaust victim]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933–1945 |language=de |trans-title=Victims of persecution of the Jews under the Nazi dictatorship in Germany from 1933–1945 |encyclopedia=Federal Archives |volume=2 |isbn=3-89192-137-3 |pages=1595 |last1=(Germany) |first1=Bundesarchiv }}</ref> She was among the first women to obtain a [[doctorate]] in Germany. Her doctoral work was on the [[topology]] of [[algebraic curves]].
 == Life and work ==
-Margarete Kahn was the daughter of [[Eschwege]] merchant and [[flannel]] factory owner Albert Kahn (1853–1905) and his wife Johanne (née Plaut, 1857–1882). She had an older brother Otto (born 1879). Five years after the untimely death of his wife Johanne, their father married her younger sister Julie (1860–1934), with whom he had a daughter, Margaret's half-sister Martha (born 1888).<ref name="yek">{{cite journal |last=König |first=York-Egbert  |date=January 4, 2009 |title=Ein Leben für die Mathematik – Vor 90 Jahren legte Grete Kahn als erste Eschwegerin die Doktorprüfung ab |language=de |trans-title=A life for mathematics – 90 years ago Grete Kahn was the first woman from Eschwege to earn a doctorate |url=/proxy/http://www.vhghessen.de/mhg/2009_nf50/2009_01_041.htm |publisher=vghessen.de |access-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref>
+Margarethe Kahn was the daughter of [[Eschwege]] merchant and [[flannel]] factory owner Albert Kahn (1853–1905) and his wife Johanne (née Plaut, 1857–1882). She had an older brother Otto (1879–1932). Five years after the untimely death of his wife Johanne, their father married her younger sister Julie (1860–1934), with whom he had a daughter, Margarethe's half-sister Martha (1888–1942).<ref name="yek">{{cite journal |last=König |first=York-Egbert  |title=Ein Leben für die Mathematik – Vor 90 Jahren legte Grete Kahn als erste Eschwegerin die Doktorprüfung ab |language=de |trans-title=A life for mathematics – 90 years ago Grete Kahn was the first woman from Eschwege to earn a doctorate |url=/proxy/http://www.vhghessen.de/mhg/2009_nf50/2009_01_041.htm |journal=Mitteilungen des Vereins für Hessische Geschichte und Landeskunde|volume=50|year=2009|pages=39–40}}</ref>
 After attending elementary school from 1887, and the Higher School for Girls from 1889 to 1896, Kahn until 1904 took private lessons to prepare for her ''[[Abitur]]'', because few high schools for girls existed at that time in [[Hesse]], [[Germany]]. In 1904 she was given permission to take her ''Abitur'' at the Royal ''[[Gymnasium (Germany)|Gymnasium]]'' in [[Bad Hersfeld]]. Thus she belonged to the small elite of young women in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century who were allowed to take the ''Abitur'' externally at boys' schools. [[Konrad Duden]] signed her ''Abitur'' certificate as school principal.
-Since [[Prussia]] began to allow women to formally attend university only from the winter semester of 1908–09, Kahn and her friend [[Klara Löbenstein]] first attended the universities of [[University of Berlin|Berlin]] and [[University of Göttingen|Göttingen]] as guest students. In addition, Kahn attended lectures and tutorials in mathematics at the [[Technical University of Berlin]]. They studied [[mathematics]], [[physics]], and [[propaedeutics]] at [[Berlin]] and [[Göttingen]]. At the University of Göttingen she attended lectures given by, among others, [[David Hilbert]], [[Felix Klein]], [[Woldemar Voigt]], and [[Georg Elias Müller]]; in Berlin she attended lectures by [[Hermann Amandus Schwarz]] and [[Paul Drude]] at the [[Prussian Academy of Sciences|Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences]]. Her field of expertise was [[algebraic geometry]]. Together with Löbenstein she made a contribution to [[Hilbert's sixteenth problem]].<ref name="yek" /> Hilbert's sixteenth problem concerned the topology of [[Algebraic curve#Complex curves and realsurfaces|algebraic curves in the complex projective plane]]; as a difficult special case in his formulation of the problem Hilbert proposed that there are no [[List of curves#Degree 6|algebraic curves of degree 6]] consisting of 11 separate ovals. Kahn and Löbenstein developed methods to address this problem.
+Since [[Prussia]] began to allow women to formally attend university only from the winter semester of 1908–09, Kahn and her friend [[Klara Löbenstein]] first attended the universities of [[University of Berlin|Berlin]] and [[University of Göttingen|Göttingen]] as guest students. In addition, Kahn attended lectures and tutorials in mathematics at the [[Technische Hochschule]] in Charlottenburg (now [[Technische Universität Berlin]]). They studied [[mathematics]], [[physics]], and [[propaedeutics]] at [[Berlin]] and [[Göttingen]]. At the University of Göttingen she attended lectures given by, among others, [[David Hilbert]], [[Felix Klein]], [[Woldemar Voigt]], and [[Georg Elias Müller]]; in Berlin she attended lectures by [[Hermann Amandus Schwarz]] and [[Paul Drude]] at the [[Prussian Academy of Sciences|Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences]]. Her field of expertise was [[algebraic geometry]]. Together with Löbenstein she made a contribution to [[Hilbert's sixteenth problem]].<ref name="yek" /> Hilbert's sixteenth problem concerned the topology of [[Algebraic curve#Complex curves and realsurfaces|algebraic curves in the complex projective plane]]; as a difficult special case in his formulation of the problem Hilbert proposed that there are no [[List of curves#Degree 6|algebraic curves of degree 6]] consisting of 11 separate ovals. Kahn and Löbenstein developed methods to address this problem.
 Against opposition in particular from the Berlin faculty, but supported by the University of Göttingen and Felix Klein, Kahn obtained a doctorate in 1909 under David Hilbert in Göttingen, with a dissertation titled ''Eine allgemeine Methode zur Untersuchung der Gestalten algebraischer Kurven'' [A general method to investigate the shapes of algebraic curves] and was therefore one of the first German women to obtain a doctorate in mathematics (the mathematics division was part of the faculty of philosophy then). She took her oral examination – again, along with Löbenstein – on 30 June 1909.
-Kahn could not pursue a scientific career because women in Germany were not admitted to [[habilitation]] before 1920. She therefore sought a career as a schoolteacher, and in October 1912 she obtained a job in the Prussian school system, where she worked as a teacher for secondary schools in [[Katowice]], [[Dortmund]], and from 1929, in [[Berlin-Tegel]].
+Kahn could not pursue a scientific career because women in Germany were not admitted to [[habilitation]] before 1920. She therefore sought a career as a schoolteacher, and in October 1912 she obtained a job in the Prussian school system, where she worked as a teacher for secondary schools in [[Katowice]], [[Dortmund]], and from 1929 in [[Berlin-Tegel]] at today's Gabriele-von-Bülow-Gymnasium, and later in [[Berlin-Pankow]] at today's Carl-von-Ossietzky-Gymnasium.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=König|first1=York-Egbert|title=Margarete Kahn. Klara Löbenstein. Mathematikerinnen – Studienrätinnen – Freundinnen|last2=Prauss|first2=Christina|last3=Tobies|first3=Renate|publisher=Hentrich & Hentrich|year=2011|isbn=978-3-942271-23-3|editor-last=Simon|editor-first=Hermann|edition=Jüdische Miniaturen|volume=108|location=Berlin|pages=55|language=de|trans-title=Margarete Kahn. Klara Löbenstein. Mathematicians – Teachers – Friends}}</ref>
-As a [[Jew]], she was forced to go on leave by the [[Nazi]]s in 1933, and was dismissed from the school in 1936. She was [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced to work]] as a factory worker at the ''Nordland Schneeketten'' (Nordland snow chains) factory. On 28 March 1942, Kahn was deported to Piaski and is considered missing since then.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gottwaldt |first1=Alfred |last2=Schulle |first2=Diana |year=2005 |title=Die "Judendeportationen" aus dem Deutschen Reich von 1941–1945 – eine kommentierte Chronologie |trans-title=The "deportation of Jews" from the [[German Reich]] from 1941–1945: An annotated chronology |language=de |location=[[Wiesbaden]] |isbn=978-3865390592 |pages=188 }}</ref>
+As a [[Jew]], she was forced to go on leave by the [[Nazi]]s in 1933, and was dismissed from the school in 1936. She was [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced to work]] as a factory worker at the ''Nordland Schneeketten'' (Nordland snow chains) factory. On 28 March 1942, Kahn and her by then widowed sister Martha were deported to Piaski and are considered missing since then.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gottwaldt |first1=Alfred |last2=Schulle |first2=Diana |year=2005 |title=Die "Judendeportationen" aus dem Deutschen Reich von 1941–1945 – eine kommentierte Chronologie |trans-title=The "deportation of Jews" from the [[German Reich]] from 1941–1945: An annotated chronology |language=de |location=[[Wiesbaden]] |isbn=978-3-86539-059-2 |pages=188 }}</ref>
-On 13  September 2008, a ''[[Stolperstein]]'' was laid at 127 ''Rudolstädter Straße'' in [[Wilmersdorf]] in memory of Margaret Kahn.<ref>{{cite web |url=/proxy/http://www.berlin.de/ba-charlottenburg-wilmersdorf/bezirk/lexikon/rudolstaedter_127.html |title=Stolperstein Rudolstädter Str. 127|language=de |date=September 13, 2008 |website=berlin.de |access-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref> In 2013, a street in [[Leverkusen]] was named after her.<ref>{{cite web |url=/proxy/http://www.leverkusen.com/strasse/index.php?view=Kahn |title=Grete-Kahn-Str. |language=de |year=2013 |website=leverkusen.com |access-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref>
+On 13 September 2008, a ''[[Stolperstein]]'' was laid at 127 ''Rudolstädter Straße'' in [[Wilmersdorf]] in memory of Margarethe Kahn, as well as on 26 May 2010 in front of her parents' former house at Stad 29 in [[Eschwege]], where additionally a commemorative plaque was attached on 13 December 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=/proxy/http://www.berlin.de/ba-charlottenburg-wilmersdorf/bezirk/lexikon/rudolstaedter_127.html |title=Stolperstein Rudolstädter Str. 127|language=de |date=13 September 2008 |website=berlin.de |access-date=10 January 2014}}</ref> In 2013, a street in [[Leverkusen]] was named after her.<ref>{{cite web |url=/proxy/http://www.leverkusen.com/strasse/index.php?view=Kahn |title=Grete-Kahn-Str. |language=de |year=2013 |website=leverkusen.com |access-date=10 January 2014}}</ref>
-[[File:Stolperstein Rudolstädter Str 127 (Wilmd) Margarete Kahn.jpg|thumb|''[[Stolperstein]]'' at 127 ''Rudolstädter Straße'' in [[Wilmersdorf]], in memory of Margarete Kahn]]
+[[File:Stolperstein Rudolstädter Str 127 (Wilmd) Margarete Kahn.jpg|thumb|''[[Stolperstein]]'' at 127 ''Rudolstädter Straße'' in [[Wilmersdorf]], in memory of Margarethe Kahn]]
 == Publications ==
@@ Line 72: / Line 69: @@
 == Further reading ==
-* {{cite book |last1=König |first1=York-Egbert |last2=Prauss |first2=Christina |last3=Tobies |first3=Renate|author3-link= Renate Tobies |year=2011 |title=Margarete Kahn und Klara Löbenstein |trans-title=Margarete Kahn and Klara Löbenstein|language=de |publisher=Hentrich & Hentrich |isbn=978-3-942-27123-3 }}
+* {{cite book |last1=König |first1=York-Egbert |last2=Prauss |first2=Christina |last3=Tobies |first3=Renate|author3-link= Renate Tobies |year=2011 |title=Margarete Kahn. Klara Löbenstein: Mathematikerinnen – Studienrätinnen – Freundinnen |trans-title=Margarete Kahn. Klara Löbenstein: Mathematicians – Teachers – Friends |url=/proxy/https://www.hentrichhentrich.de/book-margarete-kahn-und-klara-loebenstein.html |language=de |publisher=Hentrich & Hentrich |isbn=978-3-942271-23-3 |via=hentrichhentrich.de}}
 * {{cite book |last=Tobies |first=Renate|author-link= Renate Tobies |year=1997 |title="Aller Männerkultur zum Trotz": Frauen in Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften |trans-title="Defying a culture of male dominance": Women in mathematics and science |language=de |publisher=Campus Verlag |isbn=3-593-35749-6 }}
-*{{Cite journal|last=König|first=York-Egbert|date=2011|title=Dr. Margarete Kahn (1880–1942) aus Eschwege. Ergänzungen und familienkundliche Anmerkungen|url=/proxy/https://www.alemannia-judaica.de/images/Images%20423/Eschwege%20EschwGBl%2022-2011%20Koenig.pdf|journal=Eschweger Geschichtsblätter|language=de|volume=22|pages=67-76|via=alemannia-judaica.de}}
+*{{Cite journal|last=König|first=York-Egbert|date=2011|title=Dr. Margarete Kahn (1880–1942) aus Eschwege. Ergänzungen und familienkundliche Anmerkungen|url=/proxy/https://www.alemannia-judaica.de/images/Images%20423/Eschwege%20EschwGBl%2022-2011%20Koenig.pdf|journal=Eschweger Geschichtsblätter|language=de|volume=22|pages=67–76|via=alemannia-judaica.de}}
 *{{Cite journal|last=König|first=York-Egbert|date=2012|title=Zwei Paar Schuhe ... ganz verbraucht ... Dr. Margarete Kahn (1880–1942) aus Eschwege erklärt ihr Vermögen|url=/proxy/https://www.alemannia-judaica.de/images/Images%20425/Eschweger%20Geschichtsblaetter%2023-2012_22-30.pdf|journal=Eschweger Geschichtsblätter|language=de|volume=23|pages=22–30|via=alemannia-judaica.de}}
-*{{Cite journal|last=König|first=York-Egbert|date=2020|title=Ein Leben für die Mathematik. Dr. Margarethe Kahn (1880–1942) aus Eschwege|journal=Eschweger Geschichtsblätter|language=de|volume=21|pages=69–74}}
+*{{Cite journal|last=König|first=York-Egbert|date=2020|title=Ein Leben für die Mathematik. Dr. Margarethe Kahn (1880–1942) aus Eschwege|url=/proxy/http://www.alemannia-judaica.de/images/Images%20423/Eschwege%20EschwGBl%2021-2010%20Koenig.pdf|journal=Eschweger Geschichtsblätter|language=de|volume=21|pages=69–74|via=alemannia-judaica.de}}
 == External links ==
 * {{DNB-Portal|1014949165}}
-* {{cite web |url=/proxy/http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/kahn-margarethe |title=Margarete Kahn |last=Tobies |first=Renate|author-link= Renate Tobies |date=March 1, 2009 |website=Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia |publisher=Jewish Women’s Archive |access-date=January 10, 2014}}
+* {{cite web |url=/proxy/http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/kahn-margarethe |title=Margarete Kahn |last=Tobies |first=Renate|author-link= Renate Tobies |date=1 March 2009 |website=Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia |publisher=Jewish Women's Archive |access-date=10 January 2014}}
 {{Authority control}}
@@ Line 89: / Line 86: @@
 [[Category:1942 deaths]]
 [[Category:20th-century German mathematicians]]
-[[Category:19th-century Jews]]
+[[Category:19th-century German Jews]]
-[[Category:19th-century German women]]
+[[Category:19th-century German women scientists]]
-[[Category:German women mathematicians]]
 [[Category:Algebraic geometers]]
 [[Category:German Jews who died in the Holocaust]]
 [[Category:University of Göttingen alumni]]
 [[Category:Women in World War II]]
-[[Category:20th-century women scientists]]
+[[Category:20th-century German women scientists]]
-[[Category:20th-century women mathematicians]]
+[[Category:20th-century German women mathematicians]]

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People	Deutsche Biographie