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Since North India and Pakistan are coursed by a multiplicity of Himalayan rivers that divide the plains into ''doabs'' (i.e. regions between two rivers), the Indo-Gangetic plains consist of alternating regions of river, ''khadir'' and ''bangar''. The regions of the ''doabs'' near the rivers consist of low-lying, [[floodplains]], but usually very fertile ''khadir'' and the higher-lying land away from the rivers consist of ''bangar'', less prone to flooding but also less fertile on average.<ref name="encybritt2010">{{Citation | title=Pakistan: Soils | author= | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010 | isbn= | url=/proxy/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1404392/bhangar | quote=''... khaddar soils. Away from the river, toward the middle of the doabs, older alluvial soils (called bangar) are widely distributed ...''}}</ref><ref name=ravi1>[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=hi&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khaskhabar.com%2Flocal%2Fdelhi-ncr%2Fdelhi-news%2Fnews-art-of-living-responsible-to-damage-yamuna-khadar-said-ngt-news-hindi-1-277190-KKN.html Damage to Yamuna Khadar, Ravi Shankar's Art of Living Responsible: NGT], [http://www.khaskhabar.com Khas Khabar]. 7 Dec 2017.</ref> |
Since North India and Pakistan are coursed by a multiplicity of Himalayan rivers that divide the plains into ''doabs'' (i.e. regions between two rivers), the Indo-Gangetic plains consist of alternating regions of river, ''khadir'' and ''bangar''. The regions of the ''doabs'' near the rivers consist of low-lying, [[floodplains]], but usually very fertile ''khadir'' and the higher-lying land away from the rivers consist of ''bangar'', less prone to flooding but also less fertile on average.<ref name="encybritt2010">{{Citation | title=Pakistan: Soils | author= | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010 | isbn= | url=/proxy/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1404392/bhangar | quote=''... khaddar soils. Away from the river, toward the middle of the doabs, older alluvial soils (called bangar) are widely distributed ...''}}</ref><ref name=ravi1>[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=hi&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khaskhabar.com%2Flocal%2Fdelhi-ncr%2Fdelhi-news%2Fnews-art-of-living-responsible-to-damage-yamuna-khadar-said-ngt-news-hindi-1-277190-KKN.html Damage to Yamuna Khadar, Ravi Shankar's Art of Living Responsible: NGT], [http://www.khaskhabar.com Khas Khabar]. 7 Dec 2017.</ref> |
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There are other related terms. '''Barani''' is any low rain area where the rain-fed dry farming is practiced, which nowadays are dependent on the tubewells for irrigation.<ref name=bag1/> '''Nahri''' is any [[canal]]-irrigated land,<ref name=nali1/> for example, the '''Rangoi tract''' which is an area irrigated by the '''Rangoi channel/canal''' made for the purpose of carrying flood waters of Ghagghar river to dry areas.<ref name=rangoi1>1987, [http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf "gazetteer of India: Hisar District"], page 7.</ref><ref name=landtypes1>1987, [http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/hisar_1987/Revenue_Administration.pdf "Gazeteers of Hisar district, 1987"], [[Government of Haryana]], page 162.]</ref> '''Nali''' or '''Naili''' is the fertile [[prairie]] tract between the [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar]] river and the southern limits of the [[Drishadvati river|Saraswati channel depression]] in northen [[Hisar district]] of Haryana that gets flooded during the rains.<ref name=nali1>[https://archive.org/stream/imperialgazettee14grea/imperialgazettee14grea_djvu.txt "The imperial gazeteers of India, 1908"], [[British Raj]], page 288.]</ref> '''[[Bagar tract]]''' is the dry sandy tract of land on the border of Rajasthan state adjoining the states of Haryana and Punjab.<ref name=bag1>E. Walter Coward, 1980, [https://books.google.com.sg/books?isbn=0801498716 "Irrigation and Agricultural Development in Asia: Perspectives from the social sciences"], [[Cornell University]] press, {{ISBN|0801498716}}.</ref> |
There are other related terms. '''Barani''' is any low rain area where the rain-fed dry farming is practiced, which nowadays are dependent on the tubewells for irrigation.<ref name=bag1/> '''Nahri''' is any [[canal]]-irrigated land,<ref name=nali1/> for example, the '''Rangoi tract''' which is an area irrigated by the '''Rangoi channel/canal''' made for the purpose of carrying flood waters of Ghagghar river to dry areas.<ref name=rangoi1>1987, [http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf "gazetteer of India: Hisar District"] {{webarchive|url=/proxy/https://web.archive.org/web/20140501213030/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf |date=1 May 2014 }}, page 7.</ref><ref name=landtypes1>1987, [http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/hisar_1987/Revenue_Administration.pdf "Gazeteers of Hisar district, 1987"], [[Government of Haryana]], page 162.]</ref> '''Nali''' or '''Naili''' is the fertile [[prairie]] tract between the [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar]] river and the southern limits of the [[Drishadvati river|Saraswati channel depression]] in northen [[Hisar district]] of Haryana that gets flooded during the rains.<ref name=nali1>[https://archive.org/stream/imperialgazettee14grea/imperialgazettee14grea_djvu.txt "The imperial gazeteers of India, 1908"], [[British Raj]], page 288.]</ref> '''[[Bagar tract]]''' is the dry sandy tract of land on the border of Rajasthan state adjoining the states of Haryana and Punjab.<ref name=bag1>E. Walter Coward, 1980, [https://books.google.com.sg/books?isbn=0801498716 "Irrigation and Agricultural Development in Asia: Perspectives from the social sciences"], [[Cornell University]] press, {{ISBN|0801498716}}.</ref> |
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Historically, villages in the ''doabs'' have been officially classified as ''khadir'', ''khadir-bangar'' (i.e. mixed) or ''bangar'' for many centuries and different agricultural tax rates applied based on a tiered land-productivity scale.<ref name="ref81pifip">{{Citation | title=Land Revenue Settlement of the Gurgaon District | author=F.C. Channing | publisher=Government of India | isbn= | url=/proxy/https://books.google.com/books?id=75kIAAAAQAAJ | quote=''... The rates here applied were the same as those applied in the Bangar and Khadar circles and the same comparisons hold good ...''}}</ref><ref name="ref23qixic">{{Citation | title=Final report on the settlement of land revenue in the Delhi District | author=Oswald Wood, R. Maconachie | publisher=Government of India, 1882 | isbn= | url=/proxy/https://books.google.com/books?id=23EIAAAAQAAJ | quote=''... The Khadar-Bangar chak lies along the river; 37 villages are purely Khadar and 39 partly Khadar partly Bangar. The villages nearest the river are subject to inundations, but where the water runs off in time, the natural fertility of the ...''}}</ref> |
Historically, villages in the ''doabs'' have been officially classified as ''khadir'', ''khadir-bangar'' (i.e. mixed) or ''bangar'' for many centuries and different agricultural tax rates applied based on a tiered land-productivity scale.<ref name="ref81pifip">{{Citation | title=Land Revenue Settlement of the Gurgaon District | author=F.C. Channing | publisher=Government of India | isbn= | url=/proxy/https://books.google.com/books?id=75kIAAAAQAAJ | quote=''... The rates here applied were the same as those applied in the Bangar and Khadar circles and the same comparisons hold good ...''}}</ref><ref name="ref23qixic">{{Citation | title=Final report on the settlement of land revenue in the Delhi District | author=Oswald Wood, R. Maconachie | publisher=Government of India, 1882 | isbn= | url=/proxy/https://books.google.com/books?id=23EIAAAAQAAJ | quote=''... The Khadar-Bangar chak lies along the river; 37 villages are purely Khadar and 39 partly Khadar partly Bangar. The villages nearest the river are subject to inundations, but where the water runs off in time, the natural fertility of the ...''}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 03:02, 23 January 2018
Doab | |
|---|---|
Natural region | |
 View of a canal in the lower Bari Doab of the Punjab Doabs | |
| Country | Pakistan and India |
Doab (from dō, "two" + āb, "water" or "river") is a term used in India and Pakistan for the "tongue,"[1] or tract of land lying between two converging, or confluent, rivers. It is similar to an interfluve.[2] In the Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, R. S. McGregor defines it as "a region lying between and reaching to the confluence of two rivers (esp. that between the Ganges and Yamuna)."[3]
Khadir and bangar
Since North India and Pakistan are coursed by a multiplicity of Himalayan rivers that divide the plains into doabs (i.e. regions between two rivers), the Indo-Gangetic plains consist of alternating regions of river, khadir and bangar. The regions of the doabs near the rivers consist of low-lying, floodplains, but usually very fertile khadir and the higher-lying land away from the rivers consist of bangar, less prone to flooding but also less fertile on average.[4][5]
There are other related terms. Barani is any low rain area where the rain-fed dry farming is practiced, which nowadays are dependent on the tubewells for irrigation.[6] Nahri is any canal-irrigated land,[7] for example, the Rangoi tract which is an area irrigated by the Rangoi channel/canal made for the purpose of carrying flood waters of Ghagghar river to dry areas.[8][9] Nali or Naili is the fertile prairie tract between the Ghaggar river and the southern limits of the Saraswati channel depression in northen Hisar district of Haryana that gets flooded during the rains.[7] Bagar tract is the dry sandy tract of land on the border of Rajasthan state adjoining the states of Haryana and Punjab.[6]
Historically, villages in the doabs have been officially classified as khadir, khadir-bangar (i.e. mixed) or bangar for many centuries and different agricultural tax rates applied based on a tiered land-productivity scale.[10][11]
Yamuna-Ganga Doab
The Yamuna-Ganga Doab or Uttar Pradesh Doab designates the flat alluvial tract between the Ganges and Yamuna rivers extending from the Sivalik Hills to the two rivers' confluence at Allahabad. The region has an area of about 23,360 square miles (60,500 square km); it is approximately 500 miles (805 km) in length and 60 miles (97 km) in width.[12]
The region of the Doab figures prominently in the history and myths of Vedic period.[citation needed] The British raj divided the Doab into three administrative districts, viz., Upper Doab (Meerut), Middle Doab (Agra) and Lower Doab (Allahabad). These districts are now divided into several other districts as enumerated below.[12][citation needed]
The following districts/states form part of the Doab:
Upper Doab
Uttarakhand: Dehradun and Haridwar
Uttar Pradesh: Saharanpur, Shamli, Muzaffarnagar, Baghpat, Meerut, Ghaziabad, Hapur, Gautam Buddh Nagar and Bulandshahr
Central or Middle Doab
Etah, Kasganj, Aligarh, Agra, Hathras, Firozabad, Farrukhabad, Kannauj, Mainpuri, Etawah, Auraiya and Mathura.[citation needed] Mathura is in the trans-Yamuna region of Braj.
Lower Doab
Kanpur, Fatehpur, Kaushambi and Allahabad.[citation needed]
The Punjab Doabs
Each of the tracts of land lying between the confluent rivers of the Punjab region of Pakistan and India has a distinct name, said to have been coined by Raja Todar Mal, a minister of the Mughal emperor Akbar. The names (except for 'Sindh Sagar') are a combination of the first letters, in the Persian alphabet, of the names of the rivers that bound the Doab. For example, Jech = 'Je'(Jhelum) + 'Ch'(Chenab). The names are (from west to east):[citation needed]
Sindh Sagar Doab
The Sindh Sagar Doab lies between the Indus and Jhelum rivers.[citation needed]
Jech Doabs
The Jech Doab (also Chaj Doab) (small portion of the Jech Doab is Majha[13]) lies between the Jhelum and the Chenab rivers.[citation needed]
Rechna Doabs
The Rechna Doab (considerable portion of the Rechna Doab is Majha[13]) lies between the Chenab and the Ravi rivers.[citation needed]
Bari Doabs
The Bari Doab (considerable portion of the Bari Doab is Majha[13]) lies between the Ravi and the Beas rivers.[citation needed]
Bist Doab
The Bist Doab (or Doaba) - between the Beas and the Sutlej rivers.[citation needed]
Other Doabs
Malwa Doab
The rivers flowing through the Malwa region, covering current states of Madhya Pradesh and parts of north-eastern Rajasthan, also has doab region such as Upper Malwa doab and Lower Malwa doab.[citation needed]
Raichur Doab
The Raichur Doab is the triangular region of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka states which lies between the Krishna River and its tributary the Tungabhadra River, named for the town of Raichur.[citation needed]
See also
- Interamnia, an ancient Latin placename, meaning "between rivers"
Notes
- ^ doab or duab, n., OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2013, retrieved 11 September 2013
- ^ Doab., Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged., 2013, retrieved 11 September 2013
- ^ McGregor 1993, p. 513.
- ^ Pakistan: Soils, Encyclop�dia Britannica, 2010,
... khaddar soils. Away from the river, toward the middle of the doabs, older alluvial soils (called bangar) are widely distributed ...
- ^ Damage to Yamuna Khadar, Ravi Shankar's Art of Living Responsible: NGT, Khas Khabar. 7 Dec 2017.
- ^ a b E. Walter Coward, 1980, "Irrigation and Agricultural Development in Asia: Perspectives from the social sciences", Cornell University press, ISBN 0801498716.
- ^ a b "The imperial gazeteers of India, 1908", British Raj, page 288.]
- ^ 1987, "gazetteer of India: Hisar District" Archived 1 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine, page 7.
- ^ 1987, "Gazeteers of Hisar district, 1987", Government of Haryana, page 162.]
- ^ F.C. Channing, Land Revenue Settlement of the Gurgaon District, Government of India,
... The rates here applied were the same as those applied in the Bangar and Khadar circles and the same comparisons hold good ...
- ^ Oswald Wood, R. Maconachie, Final report on the settlement of land revenue in the Delhi District, Government of India, 1882,
... The Khadar-Bangar chak lies along the river; 37 villages are purely Khadar and 39 partly Khadar partly Bangar. The villages nearest the river are subject to inundations, but where the water runs off in time, the natural fertility of the ...
- ^ a b Ganges-Yamuna Doab, Encyclopedia Britannica.
- ^ a b c Kakshi, S.R.; Pathak, Rashmi; Pathak, S.R.Bakshi R. (2007-01-01). Punjab Through the Ages. Sarup & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7625-738-1. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
References
- McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993), The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, p. 513, ISBN 978-0-19-864339-5, retrieved 11 September 2013