Paramilitary forces of China: Difference between revisions
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== People's Armed Police == |
== People's Armed Police == |
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{{Excerpt|People's Armed Police|only=paragraph|paragraphs=1-2}} |
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The Chinese People's Armed Police Force (PAP) is a paramilitary force primarily responsible for [[law enforcement]], [[internal security]], [[riot control]] and [[counter-terrorism]] during peacetime. In time of [[war]], the PAP would be used to support the PLA, especially in [[counter-insurgency]] operations.<ref>[https://mwi.usma.edu/chinas-irregular-approach-to-war-the-myth-of-a-purely-conventional-future-fight/ CHINA’S IRREGULAR APPROACH TO WAR: THE MYTH OF A PURELY CONVENTIONAL FUTURE FIGHT David Knoll, Kevin Pollpeter and Sam Plapinger], [[United States Military Academy#Department of Military Instruction|Modern War Institute]] at West Point, April 27, 2021 {{Webarchive|url=/proxy/https://web.archive.org/web/20230601131142/https://mwi.usma.edu/chinas-irregular-approach-to-war-the-myth-of-a-purely-conventional-future-fight/|date=June 1, 2023}}</ref> According to the constitution of the PRC, the PAP is one of three integral elements of the Chinese armed forces, along with the People's Liberation Army (PLA) and the militia and reserve forces. The China's National Defence White Paper published in 2006 claimed that the total strength of the PAP was 1.5 million people. |
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== Militia == |
== Militia == |
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{{Excerpt|Militia (China)|only=paragraph}} |
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The role of the Militia and the degree of party and PLA control over it have varied over the years. Nowadays, the Militia numbers some 3 million service men and women. During the 1940s the militia served primarily as a PLA support force. After 1949 the [[Chinese Communist Party|party]] consolidated control over the country and gradually used the militia to maintain order and help the PLA with defense of the borders and coast. In the mid-1950s [[Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China|Minister of National Defense]] [[Peng Dehuai]] attempted to build a reserve system incorporating the militia. |
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Peng's efforts were thwarted when the party expanded the militia, assigning it duties as a production force and internal security force during the [[Great Leap Forward]]. [[Lin Biao]] reduced the size of the militia and reemphasized [[military training]] in the early 1960s. The militia was fragmented during the early years of the Cultural Revolution, but in the 1970s it was rebuilt and redirected to support the PLA. |
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The [[Gang of Four]] attempted to build up the urban militia as an alternative to the PLA, but the urban militia failed to support the Gang of Four in 1976, when [[Hua Guofeng]] and moderate military leaders deposed them. The militia's [[military logistics|logistic]]al support of the PLA was essential during the [[Sino-Vietnamese War]] of 1979. In the 1980s Chinese leaders undertook to improve the militia's military capabilities by reducing its size and its economic tasks. when [[People's Republic of China|China]] was founded, [[Communist Party of China|CPC]] claimed a [[militia]] of 5.5 million. |
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In 1987 the militia was controlled by the PLA at the military district level and by people's armed forces departments, which devolved to civilian control at the county and city levels as part of the reduction in force. The militia was a smaller force than previously, consisting of 4.3 million basic or primary—armed—militia, and the 6-million-strong general or ordinary militia. The basic militia was made up of men and women aged eighteen to twenty-eight who had served or were expected to serve in the PLA and who received thirty to forty days of military training per year. |
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The basic militia included naval militia, which operated armed fishing trawlers and coastal defense units, as well as specialized detachments, such as air defense, artillery, communications, antichemical, reconnaissance, and engineering units, which served the PLA. The ordinary militia included men aged eighteen to thirty-five who met the criteria for [[military service]] - they received some basic military training but generally were unarmed. |
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The ordinary militia had some air defense duties and included the urban militia. Efforts were made to [[wikt:streamline|streamline]] militia organization and [[upgrade]] militia weaponry. By 1986 militia training bases had been established in over half the counties and cities in the nation. |
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The militia's principal tasks in the 1980s were to assist in production, to undergo military training, and to defend China's [[frontier]]s in peacetime. In wartime, the militia would supply reserves for [[mobilization]], provide logistical support to the PLA, and conduct [[guerrilla]] operations behind [[enemy lines]]. |
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== People's Liberation Army Reserve Service == |
== People's Liberation Army Reserve Service == |
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{{Main|People's Liberation Army Reserve Service}}The 1984 Military Service Law stipulated the combination of the militia and the reserve service system. [[Military training]] for senior middle-school and college and university students commenced in 1984 as China sought to provide additional qualified reserve service officers. The reserve force consisted primarily of the militia and was organized into reserve-service divisions and regiments. |
{{Main|People's Liberation Army Reserve Service}} |
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The 1984 Military Service Law stipulated the combination of the militia and the reserve service system. [[Military training]] for senior middle-school and college and university students commenced in 1984 as China sought to provide additional qualified reserve service officers. The reserve force consisted primarily of the militia and was organized into reserve-service divisions and regiments. |
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In 1987 China began to make reference to the National Defense Reserve Force, which apparently consisted of reserve soldiers (including all militia, [[demobilized]] soldiers, and specialized technical personnel registered for [[Military reserve force|reserve service]]) and reserve officers (including demobilized officers and soldiers assigned to reserve officer service, college and university graduates, and civilian officials and specialized technicians). The [[People's Liberation Army Ground Force|Reserve]], as of 2016, is made up of 510,000 reserve personnel of all ranks. |
In 1987 China began to make reference to the National Defense Reserve Force, which apparently consisted of reserve soldiers (including all militia, [[demobilized]] soldiers, and specialized technical personnel registered for [[Military reserve force|reserve service]]) and reserve officers (including demobilized officers and soldiers assigned to reserve officer service, college and university graduates, and civilian officials and specialized technicians). The [[People's Liberation Army Ground Force|Reserve]], as of 2016, is made up of 510,000 reserve personnel of all ranks. |
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== Production and Construction Corps == |
== Production and Construction Corps == |
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{{Excerpt|Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps|only=paragraph|paragraphs=1-2}} |
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Before the [[Cultural Revolution]], the Production and Construction Corps was a paramilitary organization of 3 to 4 million people under joint government, party, and PLA control. The Production and Construction Corps was used in remote and unproductive areas to build roads, [[land reclamation|reclaim land]], construct defense and water works, and operate mines, state farms, and industrial plants. A secondary role was [[border defense]], and some units were armed with [[light infantry]] weapons. All received [[basic military training]]. |
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Unlike the militia, Production and Construction Corps personnel were full-time and uniformed. The PLA took over the Production and Construction Corps during the Cultural Revolution, then civilianized it in the 1970s. In the 1980s the corps appeared to have been abolished except in [[Xinjiang Autonomous Region|Xinjiang]]. There it operated under regional party and government organizations, the [[Xinjiang Military District]], and the [[Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, and Fishery]]. |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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Revision as of 22:27, 23 May 2024
The paramilitary forces of China are the military units and formations apart from the People's Liberation Army, the principal military force of the People's Republic of China. They are composed of three main forces, the People's Liberation Army reserve force, the People's Armed Police (PAP), and the Militia, and they act as auxiliaries to the active forces of the People's Liberation Army. They generally perform a wide range of roles. All together, the paramilitary has 98,854,000 troops, as of 2018.[1]
People's Armed Police
The People's Armed Police Force[2][a] is a Chinese paramilitary organization[3]: 121 primarily responsible for internal security, riot control, counter-terrorism, disaster response, law enforcement and maritime rights protection[4] as well as providing support to the People's Liberation Army (PLA) during wartime.[5]: 87
Unlike the civilian People's Police,[b] the PAP[c] is a specialized paramilitary force reporting directly to the Central Military Commission (CMC). PAP officers and soldiers wear dark olive green uniforms, different from pine green uniforms of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force (PLAGF) or the light blue and black uniforms of the People's Police.Militia
The Militia (Chinese: 民兵; pinyin: Mínbīng)[6] or Militia of China (Chinese: 中国民兵; pinyin: Zhōngguó Mínbīng) is the militia part of the armed forces of China, the other two parts being the People's Liberation Army (PLA) and the People's Armed Police (PAP).[6] The Militia is under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and serves as an auxiliary and reserve force for the PLA.[7] It is one of the largest militias in the world.
People's Liberation Army Reserve Service
The 1984 Military Service Law stipulated the combination of the militia and the reserve service system. Military training for senior middle-school and college and university students commenced in 1984 as China sought to provide additional qualified reserve service officers. The reserve force consisted primarily of the militia and was organized into reserve-service divisions and regiments.
In 1987 China began to make reference to the National Defense Reserve Force, which apparently consisted of reserve soldiers (including all militia, demobilized soldiers, and specialized technical personnel registered for reserve service) and reserve officers (including demobilized officers and soldiers assigned to reserve officer service, college and university graduates, and civilian officials and specialized technicians). The Reserve, as of 2016, is made up of 510,000 reserve personnel of all ranks.
Production and Construction Corps
The Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XJBT; 新疆生产建设兵团; 新疆兵团), also known as Bingtuan ("The Corps"), trading with the external name China Xinjiang Group,[8] is a state-owned enterprise and paramilitary organization in China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.
The XJBT was established in 1954 under the orders of Mao Zedong, and developed sparsely populated areas in its early decades, taking the model of the traditional tuntian system of setting military units in frontier areas. The XJBT was severely damaged during the Cultural Revolution, and was outright abolished in 1975, before being re-established in 1981, partly due to the Soviet-Afghan War. It re-established its economic dominance over Xinjiang afterwards, also being responsible for maintenance against the "three evils" (separatism, religious extremism, and terrorism). In its history, the XJBT has built farms, towns, and cities, provided land and employment to disbanded military units, and re-settled Han migrants from other parts of China in what has been called a campaign of assimilation.See also
- Central Military Commission (China)
- List of countries by number of total troops
- Paramilitary forces of India
References
Citations
- ^ "China's Armed Forces, CSIS (Page 24)" (PDF). 2006-07-25. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 11, 2010.
- ^ "Military Services – Ministry of National Defense". eng.mod.gov.cn. Retrieved 2024-04-20.
- ^ Sun, Ivan Y.; Wu, Yuning (December 2009). "The Role of the People's Armed Police in Chinese Policing". Asian Journal of Criminology. 4 (2): 107–128. doi:10.1007/s11417-008-9059-y. ISSN 1871-0131. S2CID 143891785.
- ^ "Top legislature passes armed police law". China Daily. 2009-08-27. Archived from the original on 2021-08-31. Retrieved 2019-10-04.
- ^ Blasko, Dennis J. (2006). The Chinese Army today : tradition and transformation for the 21st century (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 0415770025. OCLC 68694731.
- ^ a b Law of the People's Republic of China on National Defence Archived 15 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Article 22: "The armed forces of the People’s Republic of China are composed of the active and reserve forces of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, the Chinese People's Armed Police Force and the Militia. ... The Militia, under the command of military organs, shoulders the tasks of preparations against war and defence operations and assists in maintaining public order."
- ^ Military Service Law of the People's Republic of China Archived 2 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Chapter VI The Militia, Article 36: "The militia is an armed organization of the masses not divorced from production and is an assisting and reserve force for the Chinese People's Liberation Army. The tasks of the militia are: ..."
- ^ "Establishment, Development and Role of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps". China Internet Information Center. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
Sources
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Country Studies. Federal Research Division. [1]
Further reading
- Andy Bunk. Forgotten A look at the changing roles of the Chinese militia system in the Communist era from its inception to the present.
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