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{{Short description|Italian-born American contemporary performance artist}} {{Infobox person|name=Vanessa Beecroft|image=Vanessa-Beecroft-White-Madonna-with-Twins.jpg|alt=Vanessa Beecroft|caption=Beecroft in ''White Madonna with Twins'' (2006)|birth_date={{birth date and age|1969|4|25|mf=y}}|birth_place=[[Genoa]], Italy<ref name="Phaidon">{{cite book |first1=Rebecca |last1=Morrill |first2=Karen | last2=Wright |first3=Louisa |last3=Elderton |title=Great women artists |date=2019 |publisher=Phaidon Press |place=London |isbn=978-0714878775 |page=55}}</ref>|nationality=English, Italian|movement=[[Relational art]]|known_for=[[Performance]], [[photography]], [[drawing]], [[painting]], [[sculpture]]|works=''VB'' performances|website={{url|vanessabeecroft.com}}|spouse={{plainlist|
* Greg Durkin
* Federico Spadoni
}}|children=4|education=[[Brera Academy]] ([[Milan, Italy]])|occupation=Artist}}
[[Պատկեր:Vanessa-Beecroft,-VB-61.-Still-Death!-Darfur-Still-Deaf-.jpg|մինի|''VB61, Still Death! Darfur Still Deaf?'' (2007) at the 52nd [[Venice Biennale]]]]
'''Վանեսա Բիկրոֆթ''' (ծնվ. 1969թ. ապրիլի 25) ծագումով իտալացի, Ամերիկայում ապրող ժամանակակից նկարչուհի է, նա նաև աշխատում է լուսանկարչության, վիդեո արվեստի, քանդակի և գեղանկարչության ոլորտում: Նրա գործերից շատերը օգտագործել են պրոֆեսիոնալ մոդելներ, երբեմն մեծ քանակությամբ, երբեմն մերկ կամ գրեթե այդպես՝ սեղանի վիվանտներ բեմադրելու համար<ref name="grove">Francis Summers. [http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T096699 Beecroft, Vanessa]. ''Grove Art Online''. ''Oxford Art Online''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{subscription required}}.</ref>։ Նա աշխատում է ԱՄՆ-ում և գտնվում է Լոս Անջելեսում<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=/proxy/https://www.itsliquid.com/featured-artist-vanessa-beecroft.html/|title=Featured artist: Vanessa Beecroft|website=ITSLIQUID|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref>։ Նրա վաղ աշխատանքը կենտրոնացած էր սեռի վրա և թվում էր, թե ինքնակենսագրական է,բայց նրա հետագա աշխատանքանքային գործունեությունը կենտրոնացած է ռասայի վրա<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=/proxy/http://www.thecut.com/2016/08/vanessa-beecroft-bodies-artist.html|title=The Bodies Artist, For Kanye Collaborator Vanessa Beecroft, People Are the Perfect Palette|last=Larocca|first=Amy|date=2016-08-09|website=The Cut|language=en|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref>։ 2008 թվականից նա սկսել է աշխատել Քանյե Ուեսթի հետ համագործակցությունների և կոմերցիոն նախագծերի վրա<ref name=":4" />։

== Կյանքը և կրթությունը ==
Վանեսա Բիկրոֆթը ծնվել է 1969 թվականի ապրիլի 25-ին Իտալիայի [[Ջենովա]] քաղաքում և մեծացել է [[Սանտա Մարգերիտա Լիգուրե|Սանտա Մարգարիտա Լիգուրեում]] և [[Մալչեզինե|Մալչեզինում]] [[Գարդա (լիճ)|Գարդա]] լճի մոտ: Նրա երկու ծնողներն էլ ուսուցիչներ էին։ Նրա հայրը՝ Էնդրյու Բիքրոֆթը, բրիտանացի էր, իսկ մայրը՝ Մարիա Լուիզան, իտալացի<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=/proxy/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2005/mar/13/art|title=Interview: Vanessa Beecroft|last=Johnstone|first=Nick|date=2005-03-13|work=The Guardian, Observer|access-date=2020-01-05|language=en-GB|issn=0029-7712}}</ref> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=/proxy/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/apr/08/worlddispatch.germany|title=Ruthlessly exposed|last=Harding|first=Luke|date=2005-04-08|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-01-04|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":13" />։ Նրա ծնվելուց հետո նրա ընտանիքը կարճ ժամանակով տեղափոխվեց Հոլանդ Պարկ՝ Արևմտյան Լոնդոն<ref name=":13" />։

Նրա ծնողներն ամուսնալուծվել են, երբ նա երեք տարեկան էր, և նա այլևս չի տեսել հորն ու կրտսեր եղբորը մինչև 15 տարեկանը<ref name=":13" />։ Նրա մայրը Բիքրոֆթին միայնակ մեծացրել է Իտալիայի գյուղերից մեկում՝ խիստ վեգանական ընտանիքում՝ առանց մեքենաների, հեռուստացույցի և հեռախոսի<ref name=":13" />։ Մանկության տարիներին նա հոսպիտալացվել էր հատուկ սննդամթերքներ ուտելու պատճառով, քանի որ նա կարծում էր, թե դրանք օգտակար են իր համար, և օգնում են կարգավորել մարսողության խնդիրները<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=/proxy/https://www.designboom.com/art/vanessa-beecroft-vb65-live-pac-milan-03-17-2009/|title=Vanessa Beecroft VB65 live performance at PAC milan|last=Liu|first=Jason|date=2009-03-17|website=designboom, architecture & design magazine|language=en|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=/proxy/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2003/03/17/the-wolf-at-the-door|title=The Wolf at the Door|last=Thurman|first=Judith|magazine=The New Yorker|date=10 March 2003|language=en|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref>։

1988-1993 թվականներին սովորել է Իտալիայի Միլան քաղաքի [[Բրերա ակադեմիա|Բրերա ակադեմիայում]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=/proxy/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/26/arts/26iht-beecroft.html|title=Vanessa Beecroft's 'VB65' Attempts to Force Spectators to See Africans Differently|last=Povoledo|first=Elisabetta|date=2009-03-29|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-01-04|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":5" />։ Նրա առաջին արվեստի VB01 ցուցահանդեսը (1993) եղել է Միլանի պատկերասրահում և Բրերա ակադեմիայի այլ ուսանողուհիների հետ ցուցադրել է ելույթ։ Այդ ելույթին նա հագել է Բիկրոֆթի հագուստը և կիսվել է Բիկրոֆթի «Սննդի գիրքը»-ով՝ օրագրով, որը փաստում է 1985 և 1993 թվականներին նրա սննդակարգի մասին<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=/proxy/https://flash---art.com/article/vanessa-beecroft/|title=Vanessa Beecroft {{!}}|date=2016-11-29|website=Flash Art|language=en-US|quote=where you presented a book that listed everything you had eaten between 1985 and 1993, What do they have in common? Height, dimensions, age. And type. Race and provenance too.|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref>։ «Սննդի գիրքը» փաստագրեց Բիկրոֆթի բուլիմիկ ուտելու սովորությունները և կրկին հիշատակվեց նրա հետագա աշխատություններում, բայց այն առանձին ներկայացում էր<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=/proxy/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-may-04-tm-vanessa4-story.html|title=A Work in Progress|date=2008-05-04|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|quote=displaying “Book of Food” (also known as “Despair”), a journal that catalogs a bulimic’s eating habits|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite book|url=/proxy/https://books.google.com/books?id=-P1cDwAAQBAJ|title=Female Body Image in Contemporary Art: Dieting, Eating Disorders, Self-Harm, and Fatness|last=Newman|first=Emily L.|publisher=Routledge|year=2018|isbn=9781351859158}}</ref>։

She moved to the United States in 1996, at the invitation of art dealer [[Jeffrey Deitch]], settling in New York City.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" />

== Art ==
Some common themes in the work include self discipline (of the models), [[voyeurism]], and power relationships.<ref name=":14" /> Beecroft's artwork is often performance or installation-based with live human figures, but she also documents the performances with photography and video; this work is in many public museum and art collections including the [[Art Institute of Chicago]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=/proxy/https://www.artic.edu/artists/86095/vanessa-beecroft|title=Vanessa Beecroft|website=The Art Institute of Chicago|language=en|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref> [[Museum of Modern Art]] (MoMA),<ref>{{Cite web|url=/proxy/https://www.moma.org/artists/8261|title=Collection: Vanessa Beecroft|website=The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)|language=en|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref> [[Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=/proxy/https://www.museoreinasofia.es/en/coleccion/autor/beecroft-vanessa|title=Beecroft, Vanessa|website=www.museoreinasofia.es|language=en|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref> [[Österreichische Galerie Belvedere]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=/proxy/https://digital.belvedere.at/people/8768/vanessa-beecroft;jsessionid=E23DF100B2089E435EDF1339DCCC7B01|title=Vanessa Beecroft – Künstler – Sammlung Online|website=digital.belvedere.at|language=de|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref> [[Van Abbemuseum]],<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=/proxy/https://vanabbemuseum.nl/en/collection/details/collection/?lookup%5B1673%5D%5Bfilter%5D%5B0%5D=id%3AC434|title=VB 25; Performance|website=Van Abbe Museum|language=en|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref> amongst others.

=== VB performances (1993–present) ===
Many of the VB performances were documented in the [[Dave Hickey]] book ''VB 08-36: Vanessa Beecroft Performances'' (2000), and in Emily L. Newman's book ''Female Body Image in Contemporary Art: Dieting, Eating Disorders, Self-Harm, and Fatness'' (2018).<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=/proxy/https://books.google.com/books?id=I1lLAQAAIAAJ|title=B 08-36: Vanessa Beecroft Performances|last=Hickey|first=Dave|publisher=Distributed Art Publishing (DAP)|year=2000|isbn=9783893229642}}</ref><ref name=":11" />

The performances were titled sequentially.<ref name=":18">{{Cite news|url=/proxy/https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2016/05/19/t-magazine/the-very-best-of-vanessa-beecroft.html|title=The Very Best of Vanessa Beecroft|date=2016-05-19|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-01-05|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Strict rules were imposed on the models' behavior during the performances; they were instructed not to engage with the audience.<ref name=":11" /> Models were uniformed, nude, or barely clothed and were required to stand for hours, often in tall high heels without movement or [[eye contact]].<ref name=":13" /> Beecroft always used tall, thin, young models who she referred to as "girls", regardless of their age.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":14" /> In later work, Beecroft would use designer accessories or shoes as props for the models.<ref name=":14" />

* ''VB02'', ''VB03'', ''VB04'', and ''VB08'' took place in 1994 and featured live girl models all dressed in bright red wigs (an exaggerated representation of Beecroft's own hair color) and white underwear.<ref name=":11" /> ''VB08'' (1994) performance took place at [[MoMA PS1]] in [[Long Island City]], New York, using live female models, pantyhose, and bright red wigs.<ref name=":6" />
* ''VB25'' (1996) performance took place at [[Van Abbemuseum]] in [[Eindhoven]], Netherlands, with seven identical-looking young women wearing fake eyelashes and red nail polish, each dressed in a polo-neck pullover, white underwear, tights, and high heels.<ref name=":7" />
* ''VB35: Show'' (1998) took place at the [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum|Guggenheim Museum]] in New York; twenty women stood in the museum for two hours in a circular arrangement in order to mirror the architecture.<ref name=":11" /> Fifteen of the women wore [[rhinestone]]-decorated bikinis designed by [[Tom Ford]], and five of the women were nude. This was a larger event than some of her prior work and made international news.<ref name=":11" /> Casting was done by Jennifer Starr,<ref>{{Cite web|url=/proxy/https://observer.com/1998/05/the-force-behind-guggenheims-nudie-show/|title=The Force Behind Guggenheim's Nudie Show|date=1998-05-11|website=Observer|language=en-US|access-date=2020-07-08}}</ref> and the production was done by Yvonne Force Villareal, and Doreen Remen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=/proxy/https://observer.com/2016/03/go-big-or-go-home-meet-arts-top-three-hottest-fixers/|title=Go Big or Go Home: Meet Art's Top Three Hottest Fixers|last=Arikoglu|first=Lale|date=2016-03-02|website=Observer|language=en-US|access-date=2021-05-04}}</ref>
* ''VB45'' (2004) took place at Terminal 5 of the [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|John F. Kennedy Airport]] with 36 young women standing in formation in the sunken waiting area, wearing only [[Afro]] wigs, black body paint, and silver shackles on their ankles.<ref name="nyt09">{{cite news|url=/proxy/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/07/nyregion/07terminal.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=%22rachel%20k.%20ward%22&st=cse|title=Port Authority Shuts Art Exhibit in Aftermath of Rowdy Party|date=October 7, 2004|access-date=May 27, 2010|publisher=The New York Times, Carol Vogel, October 7, 2004}}</ref><ref name="desob1">{{cite web|url=/proxy/http://observatory.designobserver.com/entry.html?entry=2897|title=A Review of a Show You Cannot See|publisher=Designobvserver.com, Tom Vanderbilt, January 14, 2005|archive-url=/proxy/https://web.archive.org/web/20100104203506/http://observatory.designobserver.com/entry.html?entry=2897|archive-date=January 4, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="archrec1">{{cite web|url=/proxy/http://observatory.designobserver.com/entry.html?entry=2897|title=Art Exhibition at JFK Airport's TWA Terminal Abruptly Shut Down|publisher=Architectural Record, John E. Czarnecki,, October 11, 2004|archive-url=/proxy/https://web.archive.org/web/20100104203506/http://observatory.designobserver.com/entry.html?entry=2897|archive-date=January 4, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''VB51'' (2002) was her first filmed performance, it took place in Schloss Vinsebeck, Stenheim, Germany.<ref name=":14" /> It featured older models in their 60s, including Beecroft's mother, mother-in-law, stepsister, and the actresses [[Irm Hermann]] and [[Hanna Schygulla]] (both actresses from films by [[Rainer Werner Fassbinder]], Beecroft's favorite director).<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14" />
* ''VB53'' (2004) at the [[Tepidarium]] in [[List of buildings and structures in Florence|Giardino dell’Orticultura]], Florence, Italy, women were staged in a mound of dirt, as if they were plants.<ref name=":18" />
* ''VB55'' (2005) featured one hundred women standing still in Berlin's [[Neue Nationalgalerie]] for three hours, each woman oiled from the waist up and wearing nothing but a pair of pantyhose.<ref name=":10" />
* ''VB61, Still Death! Darfur Still Deaf?'' (2007), one of Beecroft's most politically-engaged performances, was presented the [[52nd Venice Biennale]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=/proxy/https://books.google.com/books?id=jU87Bue8XIoC|title=Visualizing Law and Authority: Essays on Legal Aesthetics|last=Dahlberg|first=Leif|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2012|isbn=9783110285444|series=Volume 4 of Law & Literature|pages=150}}</ref> It involved "approximately 30 [[Sudanese people|Sudanese]] women with their skin painted, lying face-down on a white canvas on the ground, simulating dead bodies piled on top of one another", representing the genocide in [[Darfur]], Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=/proxy/https://flash---art.com/article/vanessa-beecroft-and-pietra-brettkelly/|title=Vanessa Beecroft and Pietra Brettkelly {{!}}|date=2016-12-16|website=Flash Art|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref>
* ''VB65'' (March 2009) performance at [[Padiglione d'Arte Contemporanea]] (PAC) in Milan, Italy, featured a "[[Last Supper]]" of twenty African immigrant men, dressed formally in suits (some without shoes), drinking water, eating chicken and brown bread without cutlery.<ref name=":5" />
* VB66 (2010) took place at {{illm|Mercato Ittico di Napoli|it}} (the fish market), Naples, Italy with fifty living models, staged on a platform amongst a group of cast body sculptures and body parts, all painted black.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|url=/proxy/http://www.strozzina.org/en/artists/beecroft/|title=Beecroft, VB66, 2010-2011|date=2011|website=Centro di Cultura Contemporanea Strozzina (CCC Strozzina)|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref> It highlighted the relationships among body, sculpture, and an [[Iconology|iconographical]] reference to the nearby ruins of [[Pompeii]].<ref name=":15" />
* ''VB67'' (2010) performance took place at Studio Nicoli in [[Carrara]], Italy, and again a similar reenactment in a year later, ''VB70:'' ''Marmi'' (2011) at Lia Rumma gallery in Milan.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=/proxy/https://www.artforum.com/picks/vanessa-beecroft-28712|title=Vanessa Beecroft at Lia Rumma, Milan|date=2011|website=www.artforum.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref> The models were staged near [[marble sculpture]] statues and the stone was in various states including polished, rough, and in blocks and slabs.<ref name=":16" />

=== Other work ===
In October 2005, Beecroft staged a three-hour performance on the occasion of the opening of the [[Louis Vuitton]] store, "Espace Louis Vuitton" on the [[Champs-Élysées]] in Paris.<ref>{{Cite web|url=/proxy/https://www.artforum.com/news/vanessa-beecroft-in-paris-pierre-huyghe-interview-three-articles-on-stolen-art-10577|title=Vanessa Beecroft in Paris; Pierre Huyghe Interview; Three Articles on Stolen Art|website=Artforum.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref> For the same event, Beecroft placed models both black and white on the shelves next to Louis Vuitton bags in a "human alphabet".<ref>{{Cite web|url=/proxy/http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/reviews/laboulbenne/laboulbenne10-26-05.asp|title=PARIS À LA MODE|last=LaBoulbenne|first=Xavier|date=2005-10-26|website=Artnet.com|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=/proxy/https://wwd.com/eye/people/the-female-form-549718/|title=The Female Form|last=Socha|first=Miles|date=2006-01-10|website=WWD|language=en|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref> In 2007 the Louis Vuitton company apologized to Dutch graphic designer Anthon Beeke for mimicking his "Naked Ladies Alphabet" design without his consent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=/proxy/https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/a-fashionable-apology|title=A Fashionable Apology|date=2007-11-26|website=British Vogue|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=/proxy/http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/lifestyle-fashion/stylenews/Louis+Vuitton-4176.html|title=Louis Vuitton Steal Naked Ladies Design|date=November 2007|website=www.femalefirst.co.uk|language=en|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref>

In 2018, Beecroft and [[Kim Kardashian]] collaborated on a series of nude photos of Kardashian that were displayed on social media for the release of Kardashian's perfume, which had a "Kardashian body-shaped bottle".<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=/proxy/https://news.artnet.com/art-world/kim-kardashian-vanessa-beecroft-1273175|title=Kim Kardashian West Reconciles With Artist Vanessa Beecroft to Launch Her New 'Body' Fragrance|date=2018-04-25|website=artnet News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref>

== Collaborations with Kanye West ==
Since 2008, Beecroft has been collaborating on work with artist [[Kanye West]].<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=/proxy/https://www.vogue.fr/vogue-hommes/fashion/diaporama/kanye-west-vanessa-beecroft-collaboration-yeezy/40931|title=Kanye West and Vanessa Beecroft: the collaboration in 9 moments|date=15 February 2017|website=Vogue Paris|language=fr-FR|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref> They began working together with a listening party at [[Ace Gallery]], Los Angeles for West's music albums ''808s'' and ''Heartbreaks''. In 2010, Beecroft was named creative lead for the [[Runaway (Kanye West song)|Runaway]] music video.<ref name=":9" /> On the Kanye West music tour, the [[The Yeezus Tour|Yeezus Tour]] (October 2013 – September 2014), Beecroft designed the sets and choreography.<ref name=":9" /> Beecroft worked on West's [[Spike Jonze]] directed music video for the 2014 song [[Only One (Kanye West song)|“Only One]]”.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> In 2014, Beecroft assembled and built the wedding ceremony of Kim Kardashian and Kanye West .<ref name=":8" />

In February 2015, West embarked on a fashion design career with [[Adidas Yeezy|Yeezy Season 1]], under the [[Adidas]] label and Beecroft directed the performance presentation.<ref name=":9" /> Beecroft went on to work on Yeezy Season 2 (September 2015), Yeezy Season 3 (February 2016), and Yeezy Season 4 (September 2016).<ref name=":9" />

Beecroft alleged she was a full-time employee for West until 2016, when her role changed and she became a part-time contractor.<ref name=":8" />

In 2019, she collaborated with West on two [[opera]]-based performances, ''Nebuchadnezzar'' and ''Mary''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=/proxy/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/25/arts/music/kanye-west-nebuchadnezzar-opera.html|title=Kanye West Is Operatic. His Opera Isn't.|website=The New York Times|date=25 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-12-11|last1=Woolfe|first1=Zachary}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=/proxy/https://pitchfork.com/news/heres-what-happened-in-kanye-wests-new-operaandnbspmary/|title=Here's What Happened In Kanye West's New Opera Mary.|date=9 December 2019|website=Pitchfork|language=en|access-date=2019-12-11}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
Her performance work about gender was often critiqued for being a "post-feminist statement about fashion or pandering to a corrupted way of seeing".<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":12" /> Photographer [[Collier Schorr]] noted, "Beecroft is interested in the aesthetics of how women look when they are looked at, and her body-conscious projects encourage alienation between model, artist, and audience."<ref name=":6" /> Beecroft's work with live female nude models in performances often uses a specific type of model, one with an Westernized "idealization" of the female body, all of the models appearing uniformly thin, tall, and young.<ref name=":14" /> These choices have been criticized as harmful, distorted, and conforming to [[Gender stereotype|gender stereotypes]].<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":11" />

Beecroft has been quoted in an interview in 2016, “I have divided my personality. There is Vanessa Beecroft as a European white female, and then there is Vanessa Beecroft as Kanye, an African-American male.”<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|url=/proxy/https://www.wmagazine.com/story/vanessa-beecroft-insults-beyonce-basic-concept-of-race|title=Vanessa Beecroft Insults Beyoncé, Basic Concept of Race|last=Munzenrieder|first=Kyle|date=August 9, 2019|website=W Magazine|language=en|access-date=2021-08-14}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":17">{{Cite web|url=/proxy/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/miranda/la-et-cam-vanessa-beecroft-new-york-mag-20160811-snap-story.html|title=These racially insensitive remarks by Kanye West collaborator Vanessa Beecroft have the art world talking|date=2016-08-12|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref> Her later work deals with race, and she has made a series of racially insensitive remarks in interviews.<ref name=":17" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=/proxy/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2016/08/marina-abramovic-vanessa-beecroft-racism-hip-hop/496160/|title=Marina Abramović, Vanessa Beecroft, and the White Artist's Gaze|last=Kornhaber|first=Spencer|date=2016-08-16|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|quote=That quote was just one of many in the article that betrayed an obsession with black peoples’ bodies, an obsession that has been a long-running theme in Beecroft’s divisive career.|access-date=2020-09-25}}</ref>

Beecroft’s failed attempt to adopt [[Sudan|Sudanese]] twins was the topic of the documentary ''The Art Star and the Sudanese Twins'' (2008) by [[Pietra Brettkelly]], which was included in the [[Sundance Film Festival|Sundance Film Festival's]] World Cinema Documentary Competition.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=/proxy/https://www.vulture.com/2008/01/vanessa_beecroft_slammed_at_su.html|title='Art Star' Vanessa Beecroft: Slammed at Sundance|website=Vulture|language=en-us|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref> The film presents Beecroft as a "hypocritically self-aware, colossally colonial [[Postmodern|pomo]] narcissist" and chronicles her "damaging quotes and appalling behavior" as she attempts to adopt the orphans for use in an art exhibit.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=/proxy/http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/26656/more-than-movies/|title=Letter From... More than Movies|date=January 23, 2008|publisher=ARTINFO|author=Glen Helfand|access-date=2008-04-24}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Vanessa Beecroft was previously married to [[Marketing|marketer]] Greg Durkin. They lived in [[Cold Spring Harbor, New York|Cold Spring Harbor]], New York together for many years. The marriage ended in divorce.{{when|date=January 2020}}<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> Durkin and Beecroft had two sons together (born in 2001 and 2004).<ref name=":3" /> She was then married to photographer Federico Spadoni.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":19" /> Beecroft and Spadoni have one daughter and one son together (born 2009 and 2012).<ref name=":4" />

== Bibliography ==

=== Biography ===

* {{Cite book|url=/proxy/https://books.google.com/books?id=vbRPAAAAMAAJ|title=Vanessa Beecroft|last1=Kampwerth|first1=Karin|last2=Thomas|first2=Kellein|last3=Beecroft|first3=Vanessa|publisher=Hatje Cantz Publishers|others=[[Kunsthalle Bielefeld]]|year=2004|isbn=9783775715072|location=Berlin, Germany}}

=== Exhibition catalogues ===
A select list of exhibition catalogues by Beecroft, listed in ascending order by publication year.

* {{Cite book|url=/proxy/https://books.google.com/books?id=-lRKwgEACAAJ|title=VB 08-36: Vanessa Beecroft Performances|last1=Hickey|first1=David|last2=Beecroft|first2=Vanessa|publisher=Hatje Cantz Publishers|year=2000|isbn=9783893229642|location=Ostfildern-Ruit, Germany}}
* {{Cite book|url=/proxy/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3hQAAAAMAAJ|title=Vanessa Beecroft Performances 1993–2003|last1=Beccaria|first1=Marcella|last2=Beecroft|first2=Vanessa|publisher=Skira|year=2003|isbn=88-8491-572-4|location=Milan, Italy|type=art exhibition catalog from Castello di Rivoli Museo d'Arte Contemporanea (October 2003 – January 2004)}} (English, French, Italian).
* {{Cite book|url=/proxy/https://books.google.com/books?id=vbRPAAAAMAAJ|title=Vanessa Beecroft: Photographs, Films, Drawings|last=Kellein|first=Thomas|publisher=Hatje Cantz Publishers|others=[[Kunsthalle Bielefeld]]|year=2004|isbn=9783775715089|location=Berlin, Germany|type=exhibition catalogue|author-link=Thomas Kellein}}
* {{Cite book|url=/proxy/https://books.google.com/books?id=H59PAAAAMAAJ|title=VB53: Vanessa Beecroft|last1=Cianchi|first1=Lapo|last2=Beecroft|first2=Vanessa|publisher=Charta|others=Fondazione Pitti Immagine Discovery (in Italy)|year=2005|isbn=9788881584994|location=Venice, Italy|type=exhibition catalogue}}
* {{Cite book|title=Vanessa Beecroft: VB LV|last1=Polier|first1=Alexandra|last2=Deitch|first2=Jeffrey|last3=Lisi|first3=Riccardo|last4=Beecroft|first4=Vanessa|publisher=Charta|year=2007|isbn=978-8881586158|location=New York City, New York}}
* {{Cite book|url=/proxy/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qk9JAQAAIAAJ|title=Vanessa Beecroft: Drawings and Paintings 1993–2007|last1=Beecroft|first1=Vanessa|last2=Di Pietrantonio|first2=Giacinto|publisher=Electa Mondadori|others=Galleria d'arte Moderna e Contemporanea (in Bergamo, Italy)|year=2007|isbn=9788837053574|series=Cataloghi di mostre|location=Milan, Italy|type=exhibition catalogue}}
* {{Cite book|title=VB65 PAC Milano: Vanessa Beecroft|last1=Di Pietrantonio|first1=Giacinto|last2=Beecroft|first2=Vanessa|publisher=Mondadori Electa|year=2010|isbn=978-8837071059|location=Milan, Italy}}

== See also ==

* [[Blackface in contemporary art]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2016/05/19/t-magazine/the-very-best-of-vanessa-beecroft/s/19tmag-beecroft-slide-Z3J8.html Slideshow: The Very Best of Vanessa Beecroft] (May 2016) in [[The New York Times]]

{{Commons category-inline|Vanessa Beecroft}}

{{relational art}}{{Authority control}}

13:02, 21 հունվարի 2024-ի տարբերակ

Կաղապար:Short description Կաղապար:Infobox person

VB61, Still Death! Darfur Still Deaf? (2007) at the 52nd Venice Biennale

Վանեսա Բիկրոֆթ (ծնվ. 1969թ. ապրիլի 25) ծագումով իտալացի, Ամերիկայում ապրող ժամանակակից նկարչուհի է, նա նաև աշխատում է լուսանկարչության, վիդեո արվեստի, քանդակի և գեղանկարչության ոլորտում: Նրա գործերից շատերը օգտագործել են պրոֆեսիոնալ մոդելներ, երբեմն մեծ քանակությամբ, երբեմն մերկ կամ գրեթե այդպես՝ սեղանի վիվանտներ բեմադրելու համար[1]։ Նա աշխատում է ԱՄՆ-ում և գտնվում է Լոս Անջելեսում[2]։ Նրա վաղ աշխատանքը կենտրոնացած էր սեռի վրա և թվում էր, թե ինքնակենսագրական է,բայց նրա հետագա աշխատանքանքային գործունեությունը կենտրոնացած է ռասայի վրա[3]։ 2008 թվականից նա սկսել է աշխատել Քանյե Ուեսթի հետ համագործակցությունների և կոմերցիոն նախագծերի վրա[3]։

Կյանքը և կրթությունը

Վանեսա Բիկրոֆթը ծնվել է 1969 թվականի ապրիլի 25-ին Իտալիայի Ջենովա քաղաքում և մեծացել է Սանտա Մարգարիտա Լիգուրեում և Մալչեզինում Գարդա լճի մոտ: Նրա երկու ծնողներն էլ ուսուցիչներ էին։ Նրա հայրը՝ Էնդրյու Բիքրոֆթը, բրիտանացի էր, իսկ մայրը՝ Մարիա Լուիզան, իտալացի[2] [3][4] [3][5][4]։ Նրա ծնվելուց հետո նրա ընտանիքը կարճ ժամանակով տեղափոխվեց Հոլանդ Պարկ՝ Արևմտյան Լոնդոն[4]։

Նրա ծնողներն ամուսնալուծվել են, երբ նա երեք տարեկան էր, և նա այլևս չի տեսել հորն ու կրտսեր եղբորը մինչև 15 տարեկանը[4]։ Նրա մայրը Բիքրոֆթին միայնակ մեծացրել է Իտալիայի գյուղերից մեկում՝ խիստ վեգանական ընտանիքում՝ առանց մեքենաների, հեռուստացույցի և հեռախոսի[4]։ Մանկության տարիներին նա հոսպիտալացվել էր հատուկ սննդամթերքներ ուտելու պատճառով, քանի որ նա կարծում էր, թե դրանք օգտակար են իր համար, և օգնում են կարգավորել մարսողության խնդիրները[3][6][7]։

1988-1993 թվականներին սովորել է Իտալիայի Միլան քաղաքի Բրերա ակադեմիայում[8][6]։ Նրա առաջին արվեստի VB01 ցուցահանդեսը (1993) եղել է Միլանի պատկերասրահում և Բրերա ակադեմիայի այլ ուսանողուհիների հետ ցուցադրել է ելույթ։ Այդ ելույթին նա հագել է Բիկրոֆթի հագուստը և կիսվել է Բիկրոֆթի «Սննդի գիրքը»-ով՝ օրագրով, որը փաստում է 1985 և 1993 թվականներին նրա սննդակարգի մասին[2][8][9]։ «Սննդի գիրքը» փաստագրեց Բիկրոֆթի բուլիմիկ ուտելու սովորությունները և կրկին հիշատակվեց նրա հետագա աշխատություններում, բայց այն առանձին ներկայացում էր[10][11]։

She moved to the United States in 1996, at the invitation of art dealer Jeffrey Deitch, settling in New York City.[3][8]

Art

Some common themes in the work include self discipline (of the models), voyeurism, and power relationships.[9] Beecroft's artwork is often performance or installation-based with live human figures, but she also documents the performances with photography and video; this work is in many public museum and art collections including the Art Institute of Chicago,[12] Museum of Modern Art (MoMA),[13] Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía,[14] Österreichische Galerie Belvedere,[15] Van Abbemuseum,[16] amongst others.

VB performances (1993–present)

Many of the VB performances were documented in the Dave Hickey book VB 08-36: Vanessa Beecroft Performances (2000), and in Emily L. Newman's book Female Body Image in Contemporary Art: Dieting, Eating Disorders, Self-Harm, and Fatness (2018).[17][11]

The performances were titled sequentially.[18] Strict rules were imposed on the models' behavior during the performances; they were instructed not to engage with the audience.[11] Models were uniformed, nude, or barely clothed and were required to stand for hours, often in tall high heels without movement or eye contact.[4] Beecroft always used tall, thin, young models who she referred to as "girls", regardless of their age.[11][9] In later work, Beecroft would use designer accessories or shoes as props for the models.[9]

  • VB02, VB03, VB04, and VB08 took place in 1994 and featured live girl models all dressed in bright red wigs (an exaggerated representation of Beecroft's own hair color) and white underwear.[11] VB08 (1994) performance took place at MoMA PS1 in Long Island City, New York, using live female models, pantyhose, and bright red wigs.[17]
  • VB25 (1996) performance took place at Van Abbemuseum in Eindhoven, Netherlands, with seven identical-looking young women wearing fake eyelashes and red nail polish, each dressed in a polo-neck pullover, white underwear, tights, and high heels.[16]
  • VB35: Show (1998) took place at the Guggenheim Museum in New York; twenty women stood in the museum for two hours in a circular arrangement in order to mirror the architecture.[11] Fifteen of the women wore rhinestone-decorated bikinis designed by Tom Ford, and five of the women were nude. This was a larger event than some of her prior work and made international news.[11] Casting was done by Jennifer Starr,[19] and the production was done by Yvonne Force Villareal, and Doreen Remen.[20]
  • VB45 (2004) took place at Terminal 5 of the John F. Kennedy Airport with 36 young women standing in formation in the sunken waiting area, wearing only Afro wigs, black body paint, and silver shackles on their ankles.[21][22][23]
  • VB51 (2002) was her first filmed performance, it took place in Schloss Vinsebeck, Stenheim, Germany.[9] It featured older models in their 60s, including Beecroft's mother, mother-in-law, stepsister, and the actresses Irm Hermann and Hanna Schygulla (both actresses from films by Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Beecroft's favorite director).[4][9]
  • VB53 (2004) at the Tepidarium in Giardino dell’Orticultura, Florence, Italy, women were staged in a mound of dirt, as if they were plants.[18]
  • VB55 (2005) featured one hundred women standing still in Berlin's Neue Nationalgalerie for three hours, each woman oiled from the waist up and wearing nothing but a pair of pantyhose.[5]
  • VB61, Still Death! Darfur Still Deaf? (2007), one of Beecroft's most politically-engaged performances, was presented the 52nd Venice Biennale.[24] It involved "approximately 30 Sudanese women with their skin painted, lying face-down on a white canvas on the ground, simulating dead bodies piled on top of one another", representing the genocide in Darfur, Sudan.[25]
  • VB65 (March 2009) performance at Padiglione d'Arte Contemporanea (PAC) in Milan, Italy, featured a "Last Supper" of twenty African immigrant men, dressed formally in suits (some without shoes), drinking water, eating chicken and brown bread without cutlery.[6]
  • VB66 (2010) took place at Կաղապար:Illm (the fish market), Naples, Italy with fifty living models, staged on a platform amongst a group of cast body sculptures and body parts, all painted black.[26] It highlighted the relationships among body, sculpture, and an iconographical reference to the nearby ruins of Pompeii.[26]
  • VB67 (2010) performance took place at Studio Nicoli in Carrara, Italy, and again a similar reenactment in a year later, VB70: Marmi (2011) at Lia Rumma gallery in Milan.[27] The models were staged near marble sculpture statues and the stone was in various states including polished, rough, and in blocks and slabs.[27]

Other work

In October 2005, Beecroft staged a three-hour performance on the occasion of the opening of the Louis Vuitton store, "Espace Louis Vuitton" on the Champs-Élysées in Paris.[28] For the same event, Beecroft placed models both black and white on the shelves next to Louis Vuitton bags in a "human alphabet".[29][30] In 2007 the Louis Vuitton company apologized to Dutch graphic designer Anthon Beeke for mimicking his "Naked Ladies Alphabet" design without his consent.[31][32]

In 2018, Beecroft and Kim Kardashian collaborated on a series of nude photos of Kardashian that were displayed on social media for the release of Kardashian's perfume, which had a "Kardashian body-shaped bottle".[33]

Collaborations with Kanye West

Since 2008, Beecroft has been collaborating on work with artist Kanye West.[33][34] They began working together with a listening party at Ace Gallery, Los Angeles for West's music albums 808s and Heartbreaks. In 2010, Beecroft was named creative lead for the Runaway music video.[34] On the Kanye West music tour, the Yeezus Tour (October 2013 – September 2014), Beecroft designed the sets and choreography.[34] Beecroft worked on West's Spike Jonze directed music video for the 2014 song “Only One”.[33][34] In 2014, Beecroft assembled and built the wedding ceremony of Kim Kardashian and Kanye West .[33]

In February 2015, West embarked on a fashion design career with Yeezy Season 1, under the Adidas label and Beecroft directed the performance presentation.[34] Beecroft went on to work on Yeezy Season 2 (September 2015), Yeezy Season 3 (February 2016), and Yeezy Season 4 (September 2016).[34]

Beecroft alleged she was a full-time employee for West until 2016, when her role changed and she became a part-time contractor.[33]

In 2019, she collaborated with West on two opera-based performances, Nebuchadnezzar and Mary.[35][36]

Controversies

Her performance work about gender was often critiqued for being a "post-feminist statement about fashion or pandering to a corrupted way of seeing".[10][24] Photographer Collier Schorr noted, "Beecroft is interested in the aesthetics of how women look when they are looked at, and her body-conscious projects encourage alienation between model, artist, and audience."[17] Beecroft's work with live female nude models in performances often uses a specific type of model, one with an Westernized "idealization" of the female body, all of the models appearing uniformly thin, tall, and young.[9] These choices have been criticized as harmful, distorted, and conforming to gender stereotypes.[4][11]

Beecroft has been quoted in an interview in 2016, “I have divided my personality. There is Vanessa Beecroft as a European white female, and then there is Vanessa Beecroft as Kanye, an African-American male.”[37][3][38] Her later work deals with race, and she has made a series of racially insensitive remarks in interviews.[38][39]

Beecroft’s failed attempt to adopt Sudanese twins was the topic of the documentary The Art Star and the Sudanese Twins (2008) by Pietra Brettkelly, which was included in the Sundance Film Festival's World Cinema Documentary Competition.[40] The film presents Beecroft as a "hypocritically self-aware, colossally colonial pomo narcissist" and chronicles her "damaging quotes and appalling behavior" as she attempts to adopt the orphans for use in an art exhibit.[40][41]

Personal life

Vanessa Beecroft was previously married to marketer Greg Durkin. They lived in Cold Spring Harbor, New York together for many years. The marriage ended in divorce.Կաղապար:When[3][10] Durkin and Beecroft had two sons together (born in 2001 and 2004).[10] She was then married to photographer Federico Spadoni.[3][37] Beecroft and Spadoni have one daughter and one son together (born 2009 and 2012).[3]

Bibliography

Biography

  • Kampwerth, Karin; Thomas, Kellein; Beecroft, Vanessa (2004). Vanessa Beecroft. Kunsthalle Bielefeld. Berlin, Germany: Hatje Cantz Publishers. ISBN 9783775715072.

Exhibition catalogues

A select list of exhibition catalogues by Beecroft, listed in ascending order by publication year.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Francis Summers. Beecroft, Vanessa. Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (subscription required).
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 «Featured artist: Vanessa Beecroft». ITSLIQUID (ամերիկյան անգլերեն). Վերցված է 2020-01-04-ին.
  3. ↑ 3,00 3,01 3,02 3,03 3,04 3,05 3,06 3,07 3,08 3,09 Larocca, Amy (2016-08-09). «The Bodies Artist, For Kanye Collaborator Vanessa Beecroft, People Are the Perfect Palette». The Cut (անգլերեն). Վերցված է 2020-01-05-ին.
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 4,6 4,7 Johnstone, Nick (2005-03-13). «Interview: Vanessa Beecroft». The Guardian, Observer (բրիտանական անգլերեն). ISSN 0029-7712. Վերցված է 2020-01-05-ին.
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Harding, Luke (2005-04-08). «Ruthlessly exposed». The Guardian (բրիտանական անգլերեն). ISSN 0261-3077. Վերցված է 2020-01-04-ին.
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 Liu, Jason (2009-03-17). «Vanessa Beecroft VB65 live performance at PAC milan». designboom, architecture & design magazine (անգլերեն). Վերցված է 2020-01-05-ին.
  7. ↑ Thurman, Judith (10 March 2003). «The Wolf at the Door». The New Yorker (անգլերեն). Վերցված է 2020-01-05-ին.
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 Povoledo, Elisabetta (2009-03-29). «Vanessa Beecroft's 'VB65' Attempts to Force Spectators to See Africans Differently». The New York Times (ամերիկյան անգլերեն). ISSN 0362-4331. Վերցված է 2020-01-04-ին.
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,4 9,5 9,6 «Vanessa Beecroft |». Flash Art (ամերիկյան անգլերեն). 2016-11-29. Վերցված է 2020-01-05-ին. «where you presented a book that listed everything you had eaten between 1985 and 1993, What do they have in common? Height, dimensions, age. And type. Race and provenance too.»
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 «A Work in Progress». Los Angeles Times (ամերիկյան անգլերեն). 2008-05-04. Վերցված է 2020-01-04-ին. «displaying "Book of Food" (also known as "Despair"), a journal that catalogs a bulimic's eating habits»
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 11,4 11,5 11,6 11,7 Newman, Emily L. (2018). Female Body Image in Contemporary Art: Dieting, Eating Disorders, Self-Harm, and Fatness. Routledge. ISBN 9781351859158.
  12. ↑ «Vanessa Beecroft». The Art Institute of Chicago (անգլերեն). Վերցված է 2020-01-05-ին.
  13. ↑ «Collection: Vanessa Beecroft». The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) (անգլերեն). Վերցված է 2020-01-05-ին.
  14. ↑ «Beecroft, Vanessa». www.museoreinasofia.es (անգլերեն). Վերցված է 2020-01-05-ին.
  15. ↑ «Vanessa Beecroft – Künstler – Sammlung Online». digital.belvedere.at (գերմաներեն). Վերցված է 2020-01-05-ին.
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 «VB 25; Performance». Van Abbe Museum (անգլերեն). Վերցված է 2020-01-05-ին.
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 Hickey, Dave (2000). B 08-36: Vanessa Beecroft Performances. Distributed Art Publishing (DAP). ISBN 9783893229642.
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 «The Very Best of Vanessa Beecroft». The New York Times (ամերիկյան անգլերեն). 2016-05-19. ISSN 0362-4331. Վերցված է 2020-01-05-ին.
  19. ↑ «The Force Behind Guggenheim's Nudie Show». Observer (ամերիկյան անգլերեն). 1998-05-11. Վերցված է 2020-07-08-ին.
  20. ↑ Arikoglu, Lale (2016-03-02). «Go Big or Go Home: Meet Art's Top Three Hottest Fixers». Observer (ամերիկյան անգլերեն). Վերցված է 2021-05-04-ին.
  21. ↑ «Port Authority Shuts Art Exhibit in Aftermath of Rowdy Party». The New York Times, Carol Vogel, October 7, 2004. October 7, 2004. Վերցված է May 27, 2010-ին.
  22. ↑ «A Review of a Show You Cannot See». Designobvserver.com, Tom Vanderbilt, January 14, 2005. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից January 4, 2010-ին.
  23. ↑ «Art Exhibition at JFK Airport's TWA Terminal Abruptly Shut Down». Architectural Record, John E. Czarnecki,, October 11, 2004. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից January 4, 2010-ին.
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 Dahlberg, Leif (2012). Visualizing Law and Authority: Essays on Legal Aesthetics. Volume 4 of Law & Literature. Walter de Gruyter. էջ 150. ISBN 9783110285444.
  25. ↑ «Vanessa Beecroft and Pietra Brettkelly |». Flash Art (ամերիկյան անգլերեն). 2016-12-16. Վերցված է 2020-01-05-ին.
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 «Beecroft, VB66, 2010-2011». Centro di Cultura Contemporanea Strozzina (CCC Strozzina). 2011. Վերցված է 2020-01-05-ին.
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 «Vanessa Beecroft at Lia Rumma, Milan». www.artforum.com (ամերիկյան անգլերեն). 2011. Վերցված է 2020-01-05-ին.
  28. ↑ «Vanessa Beecroft in Paris; Pierre Huyghe Interview; Three Articles on Stolen Art». Artforum.com (ամերիկյան անգլերեն). Վերցված է 2020-01-05-ին.
  29. ↑ LaBoulbenne, Xavier (2005-10-26). «PARIS À LA MODE». Artnet.com. Վերցված է 2020-01-05-ին.
  30. ↑ Socha, Miles (2006-01-10). «The Female Form». WWD (անգլերեն). Վերցված է 2020-01-05-ին.
  31. ↑ «A Fashionable Apology». British Vogue (բրիտանական անգլերեն). 2007-11-26. Վերցված է 2020-01-05-ին.
  32. ↑ «Louis Vuitton Steal Naked Ladies Design». www.femalefirst.co.uk (անգլերեն). November 2007. Վերցված է 2020-01-05-ին.
  33. ↑ 33,0 33,1 33,2 33,3 33,4 «Kim Kardashian West Reconciles With Artist Vanessa Beecroft to Launch Her New 'Body' Fragrance». artnet News (ամերիկյան անգլերեն). 2018-04-25. Վերցված է 2020-01-05-ին.
  34. ↑ 34,0 34,1 34,2 34,3 34,4 34,5 «Kanye West and Vanessa Beecroft: the collaboration in 9 moments». Vogue Paris (ֆրանսերեն). 15 February 2017. Վերցված է 2020-01-05-ին.
  35. ↑ Woolfe, Zachary (25 November 2019). «Kanye West Is Operatic. His Opera Isn't». The New York Times (անգլերեն). Վերցված է 2019-12-11-ին.
  36. ↑ «Here's What Happened In Kanye West's New Opera Mary». Pitchfork (անգլերեն). 9 December 2019. Վերցված է 2019-12-11-ին.
  37. ↑ 37,0 37,1 Munzenrieder, Kyle (August 9, 2019). «Vanessa Beecroft Insults Beyoncé, Basic Concept of Race». W Magazine (անգլերեն). Վերցված է 2021-08-14-ին.
  38. ↑ 38,0 38,1 «These racially insensitive remarks by Kanye West collaborator Vanessa Beecroft have the art world talking». Los Angeles Times (ամերիկյան անգլերեն). 2016-08-12. Վերցված է 2020-01-05-ին.
  39. ↑ Kornhaber, Spencer (2016-08-16). «Marina Abramović, Vanessa Beecroft, and the White Artist's Gaze». The Atlantic (ամերիկյան անգլերեն). Վերցված է 2020-09-25-ին. «That quote was just one of many in the article that betrayed an obsession with black peoples' bodies, an obsession that has been a long-running theme in Beecroft's divisive career.»
  40. ↑ 40,0 40,1 «'Art Star' Vanessa Beecroft: Slammed at Sundance». Vulture (ամերիկյան անգլերեն). Վերցված է 2020-01-04-ին.
  41. ↑ Glen Helfand (January 23, 2008). «Letter From... More than Movies». ARTINFO. Վերցված է 2008-04-24-ին.
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