Investigation of Synergistic Influence of Ultrasound and Co-Doping to Degrade Toluene from Polluted Air in Construction Sites—An Experimental Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The setting up of a continuous air purification reactor suitable for the real conditions of working environments;
- Increasing the contact surface of the pollutant with the photocatalyst and the retention time by creating sloping surfaces;
- Synthesis of a photocatalytic with better properties using an ultrasonic bath technique;
- Achieving a high rate of toluene degradation under continuous conditions;
- Improvement of photocatalyst performance under visible light compared to ultraviolet light.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Nanophotocatalyst Preparation Procedure
2.3. Nanophotocatalysts Characterization Techniques
2.4. Experimental Setup for Photocatalytic Performance Test
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Nanophotocatalysts Characterization
3.1.1. XRD Analysis
3.1.2. FESEM Analysis
3.1.3. EDX Analysis
3.1.4. BET–BJH Analysis
3.1.5. FTIR Analysis
3.1.6. DRS Analysis
3.2. Photocatalytic Degradation of Toluene
3.2.1. Influence of Doping Composition
3.2.2. Influence of Ultrasound Irradiation
3.2.3. Influence of Light Source
3.3. Reaction Pathway for Toluene Photocatalytic Degradation
4. Conclusions
5. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Abbreviation | Complete Term |
PTFE | Poly Tetra Fluoro Ethylene |
XRD | X-ray Diffraction |
BET | Brunauer–Emmett–Teller |
DRS | Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy |
FTIR | Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy |
EDX | Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy |
SEM | Scanning Electron Microscope |
VOCs | Volatile Organic Compounds |
IRAC | International Agency of Research and Cancer |
EPA | Environmental Protection Agency |
NIOSH | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health |
OSHA | Occupational Safety and Health Administration |
PPE | Personal Protective Equipment |
UV | Ultraviolet irradiation |
PCO | Photocatalytic oxidation |
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No | Substance | JCPDS No | Phase | XRD Major Peaks |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | TiO2 | 00-001-0562 | Anatase | 25.3, 37.9, 48.4, 53.9, 55.3, 62.7, 69.0, 70.2, 75.4, 83.2 |
Nanophotocatalyst | N (wt. %) | Fe/TiO2 (wt. %) | Ultrasound Irradiation | SBET (m2/g) | VP (cm3/g) | DP (nm) | λ0 (nm) | Band Gap (eV) | Relative Crystallinity | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time (min) | Power (W) | TiO2 a | ||||||||
TiO2-U | - | 0 | 45 | 300 | 47.8 | 0.1310 | 10.6 | 390.5 | 3.18 | 100 |
NTiO2-U | 30 | 0 | 45 | 300 | 88.0 | 0.1880 | 8.2 | 413.3 | 3 | 92.6 |
FeNTiO2(2.5)-U | 30 | 2.5 | 45 | 300 | - | - | - | - | - | 86.2 |
FeNTiO2(5) | 30 | 5 | - | - | 89.4 | 0.1940 | 8.1 | 424.7 | 2.92 | 75.5 |
FeNTiO2(5)-U | 30 | 5 | 45 | 300 | 88.3 | 0.2070 | 9.3 | 437.7 | 2.83 | 61.7 |
FeNTiO2(7.5)-U | 30 | 7.5 | 45 | 300 | - | - | - | - | - | 48.9 |
FeNTiO2(10)-U | 30 | 10 | 45 | 300 | - | - | - | - | - | 40.4 |
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Akbarzadeh, O.; Rasoulzadeh, Y.; Haghighi, M.; Talati, A.; Golzad, H. Investigation of Synergistic Influence of Ultrasound and Co-Doping to Degrade Toluene from Polluted Air in Construction Sites—An Experimental Approach. Buildings 2024, 14, 2876. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092876
Akbarzadeh O, Rasoulzadeh Y, Haghighi M, Talati A, Golzad H. Investigation of Synergistic Influence of Ultrasound and Co-Doping to Degrade Toluene from Polluted Air in Construction Sites—An Experimental Approach. Buildings. 2024; 14(9):2876. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092876
Chicago/Turabian StyleAkbarzadeh, Omid, Yahya Rasoulzadeh, Mohammad Haghighi, Azadeh Talati, and Hamed Golzad. 2024. "Investigation of Synergistic Influence of Ultrasound and Co-Doping to Degrade Toluene from Polluted Air in Construction Sites—An Experimental Approach" Buildings 14, no. 9: 2876. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092876