1881 Spanish general election
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All 392 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 180 (of 360) seats in the Senate 197 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Registered | 846,961 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Turnout | 604,758 (71.4%) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The 1881 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 21 August and on Friday, 2 September 1881, to elect the 2nd Restoration Cortes of the Kingdom of Spain. All 392 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 180 of 360 seats in the Senate.[1]
Though formally competitive, the 1881 general election was held under the recently developed system of turno pacifico; in accordance with a semi-formal power-sharing arrangement brokered by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, elections—under influence by machine bosses called caciques—served as a rubber stamp for a routine handover of power initiated by the King. The 1881 election, as expected, sanctioned the pre-arranged handover from the Conservatives to the newly created Liberal Fusionist Party. From 1881 until the end of the constitutional monarchy, the turno power-sharing plan would continue dominating the Spanish political landscape nearly uninterruptedly.
Overview
[edit]Background
[edit]The Spanish Constitution of 1876 enshrined Spain as a constitutional monarchy, awarding the monarch power to name senators and to revoke laws, as well as the title of commander-in-chief of the army. The monarch would also play a key role in the system of el turno pacífico (English: the Peaceful Turn) by appointing and dismissing governments and allowing the opposition to take power. Under this system, the major political parties of the time, the conservatives and the liberals—characterized as elite parties with loose structures and dominated by internal factions led by powerful individuals—alternated in power by means of election rigging, which they achieved through the encasillado, using the links between the Ministry of Governance, the provincial civil governors and the local bosses (caciques) to ensure victory and exclude minor parties from the power sharing.[2][3]
Electoral system
[edit]The Spanish Cortes were envisaged as "co-legislative bodies", based on a nearly perfect bicameralism. Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate had legislative, control and budgetary functions, sharing equal powers except for laws on contributions or public credit, where the Congress had preeminence.[4][5] Voting for the Cortes was on the basis of censitary suffrage, which comprised national males over twenty-five, being taxpayers with a minimum quota of twenty-five pesetas per territorial contribution or fifty per industrial subsidy, as well as being enrolled in the so-called capacity census (either by criteria of Education or for professional reasons).[6][7]
For the Congress of Deputies, 88 seats were elected using a partial block voting in 26 multi-member constituencies, with the remaining 304 being elected under a one-round first-past-the-post system in single-member districts. Candidates winning a plurality in each constituency were elected. In constituencies electing eight seats, electors could vote for up to six candidates; in those with seven seats, for up to five candidates; in those with six seats, for up to four; in those with four or five seats, for up to three candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Additionally, up to ten deputies could be elected through cumulative voting in several single-member constituencies, provided that they obtained more than 10,000 votes overall. The Congress was entitled to one member per each 50,000 inhabitants, with each multi-member constituency being allocated a fixed number of seats: 8 for Madrid, 5 for Barcelona and Palma, 4 for Seville and 3 for Alicante, Almería, Badajoz, Burgos, Cádiz, Cartagena, Córdoba, Granada, Jaén, Jerez de la Frontera, La Coruña, Lugo, Málaga, Murcia, Oviedo, Pamplona, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Santander, Tarragona, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza. The law also provided for by-elections to fill seats vacated throughout the legislature.[4][8]
For the Senate, 180 seats were indirectly elected, with electors voting for delegates instead of senators. Elected delegates—equivalent in number to one-sixth of the councillors in each municipal corporation—would then vote for senators using a write-in, two-round majority voting system. The provinces of Álava, Albacete, Ávila, Biscay, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Guipúzcoa, Huelva, Logroño, Matanzas, Palencia, Pinar del Río, Puerto Príncipe, Santa Clara, Santander, Santiago de Cuba, Segovia, Soria, Teruel, Valladolid and Zamora were allocated two seats each, whereas each of the remaining provinces was allocated three seats, for a total of 147. The remaining 33 were allocated to a number of institutions, electing one seat each—the Archdioceses of Burgos, Granada, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Cuba, Seville, Tarragona, Toledo, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; the Royal Spanish Academy; the Royal Academies of History, Fine Arts, Sciences, Moral and Political Sciences and Medicine; the Universities of Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, Havana, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; and the Economic Societies of Friends of the Country from Madrid, Barcelona, Cuba–Puerto Rico, León, Seville and Valencia. An additional 180 seats comprised senators in their own right—the Monarch's offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age; Grandees of Spain of the first class; Captain Generals of the Army and the Navy Admiral; the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops; as well as other high-ranking state figures—and senators for life (who were appointed by the Monarch).[9][10][11]
Election date
[edit]The term of each House of the Cortes—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The Monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both Houses at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election.[4][8][9]
Results
[edit]Congress of Deputies
[edit]Overall
[edit]Mainland Spain
Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | |||
Liberal Fusionist Party (Fusionistas) | 297 | |||
Liberal Conservative Party (Conservadores) | 48 | |||
Progressive–Possibilist Democrats (Demócratas) | 32 | |||
Independent Monarchist Progressives (Prog.i) | 10 | |||
Catholic Union (UC) | 3 | |||
Traditionalists (Tradicionalistas) | 2 | |||
Fuerist Party of the Basque Union (PFUV) | 1 | |||
Independents (Independientes) | 9 | |||
Total | 604,758 | 392 | ||
Votes cast / turnout | 604,758 | 71.40 | ||
Abstentions | 242,203 | 28.60 | ||
Registered voters | 846,961 | |||
Sources[12][13][14] |
Cuba
Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | |||
Constitutional Union Party (Unión Conservadora) | 18 | |||
Liberal Party (Liberal) | 4 | |||
Progressive Liberal Party (Liberal Progresista) | 2 | |||
Total | 24 | |||
Votes cast / turnout | ||||
Abstentions | ||||
Registered voters | 31,295 | |||
Sources[15] |
Elected deputies
[edit]The following table lists the elected deputies:[16][17][18][19]
Province | Constituency | Elected member | Allegiance | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Álava | Amurrio | Lucas Urquijo y Urrutia | Fusionist | |
Vitoria | Ramón Ortiz de Zárate Martínez de Galarreta | Traditionalist | ||
Albacete | Albacete | José Salamanca y Mayol | Conservative | |
Alcaraz | Antonio Ortiz y Ustáriz | Fusionist | ||
Almansa | José Mateo Sagasta y Vidal | Fusionist | ||
Casas-Ibáñez | Federico Ochando y Chumillas | Fusionist | ||
Hellín | Federico López y Gaviria | Fusionist | ||
Alicante | Alcoy | Miguel Martínez de Campos y Antón | Fusionist | |
Alicante | Enrique Arroyo y Rodríguez | Fusionist | ||
Eleuterio Maisonnave Cutayar | Possibilist | |||
Adrián Viudes Girón | Fusionist | |||
Denia | Leopoldo Laussat y Christiernim | Fusionist | ||
Dolores | Manuel González Llana | Fusionist | ||
Orihuela | Trinitario Ruiz Capdepón | Fusionist | ||
Pego | Enrique Bushell y Laussat | Fusionist | ||
Villajoyosa | Alejandro Groizard y Gómez de la Serna | Fusionist | ||
Villena | Federico Bas y Moró | Fusionist | ||
Almería | Almería | Carlos Huelin Larrain | Fusionist | |
Sebastián Pérez García | Fusionist | |||
Bernardo Toro y Moya | Conservative | |||
Berja | Miguel de Trell y Chacón | Fusionist | ||
Purchena | Antonio Martín Toro | Fusionist | ||
Sorbas | Carlos Navarro y Rodrigo | Fusionist | ||
Vélez-Rubio | Agustín de la Serna y López | Fusionist | ||
Vera | Juan Anglada y Ruiz | Possibilist | ||
Ávila | Arenas de San Pedro | Zoilo Pérez García | Fusionist | |
Arévalo | Jorge Montalvo y Vega | Fusionist | ||
Ávila | Celestino Rico y García | Fusionist | ||
Piedrahíta | Francisco Silvela y de Le Vielleuze | Conservative | ||
Badajoz | Almendralejo | Abdón de Salamanca | Fusionist | |
Badajoz | Eduardo Baselga y Chaves | Progressive | ||
Leopoldo Molano y Martínez | Fusionist | |||
Carlos María Stuart Fitz-James y Portocarrero | Fusionist | |||
Castuera | Ricardo Fernández Blanco y Moral | Fusionist | ||
Don Benito | Santiago Solo de Zald�var | Fusionist | ||
Fregenal de la Sierra | Cecilio de Lora y Castro | Fusionist | ||
Llerena | Ulpiano Gonz�lez de Ola�eta y Gonz�lez de Ocampo | Fusionist | ||
M�rida | Jos� de Castro y L�pez | Fusionist | ||
Villanueva de la Serena | Mariano Fern�ndez Daza G�mez Bravo | Fusionist | ||
Balearics | Ibiza | Cipriano Garijo y Aljama | Fusionist | |
Mah�n | Juan Tremol y Faner | Fusionist | ||
Palma | Jos� Cotoner Allendesalazar | Conservative | ||
Joaqu�n Fiol y Pujol | Possibilist | |||
Mateo Gamund� y Monserrat | Fusionist | |||
Antonio Maura Montaner | Fusionist | |||
Enrique de Mesa y Moya | Fusionist | |||
Barcelona | Arenys de Mar | Enrique de Orozco y de la Puente | Fusionist | |
Barcelona | Teodoro Bar� y Sureda | Fusionist | ||
Emilio Castelar y Ripoll | Possibilist | |||
Camilo Fabra Fontanills | Fusionist | |||
Federico Marcet | Fusionist | |||
Antonio Roger y Vidal | Fusionist | |||
Berga | Joaqu�n Mar�n y Carbonell | Conservative | ||
Castelltersol | Antonio Rod� y Casanova | Fusionist | ||
Gracia | Vicente de Romero y Baldrich | Fusionist | ||
Granollers | Antonio Ferratges de Mesa Ballester | Fusionist | ||
Igualada | Bartolom� God� y Pi� | Fusionist | ||
Manresa | Jos� Mas y Mart�nez | Fusionist | ||
Matar� | Francisco Taulina y Garriga | Fusionist | ||
San Feli� de Llobregat | Miguel El�as Marchal | Fusionist | ||
Tarrassa | Joaqu�n Planas Borrell | Fusionist | ||
Vich | Pedro Bosch y Labr�s | Conservative | ||
Villafranca del Panad�s | Francisco de As�s Madorell y Bad�a | Fusionist | ||
Villanueva y Geltr� | V�ctor Balaguer y Cirera | Fusionist | ||
Biscay | Balmaseda | Ricardo Balparda y Fern�ndez | Fusionist | |
Bilbao | Eduardo de Aguirre y Labroche | Fusionist | ||
Durango | Jos� Mar�a Ampuero y J�uregui | Traditionalist | ||
Guernica | �ngel Allendesalazar y Mu�oz de Salazar | Fusionist | ||
Burgos | Aranda de Duero | Manuel Mac�as y Boiguez | Fusionist | |
Burgos | Manuel Alonso Mart�nez | Fusionist | ||
Pedro Gonz�lez Marr�n | Fusionist | |||
Joaqu�n L�pez-D�riga y Ruiz de la Escalera | Conservative | |||
Castrojeriz | Manuel Alonso Mart�nez | Fusionist | ||
Miranda de Ebro | Gabriel Salcedo Anguiano | Conservative | ||
Salas de los Infantes | Pedro Gonz�lez Marr�n | Fusionist | ||
Villarcayo | Manuel Mar�a del Valle y C�rdenas | Fusionist | ||
C�ceres | Alc�ntara | Jacinto Burgos Meneses | Fusionist | |
C�ceres | Manuel Falc� y Osorio d'Adda y Guti�rrez de los R�os | Fusionist | ||
Coria | Juli�n de Zugasti y S�enz | Fusionist | ||
Hoyos | Joaqu�n Gonz�lez Fiori | Fusionist | ||
Navalmoral de la Mata | Urbano Gonz�lez Serrano | Progressive | ||
Plasencia | Ram�n Rodr�guez Leal | Fusionist | ||
Trujillo | Manuel Mar�a Grande y Vald�s | Fusionist | ||
C�diz | Algeciras | Jos� Gonz�lez de la Vega | Fusionist | |
C�diz | Jos� Gonz�lez de la Vega | Fusionist | ||
Carlos Rodr�guez Batista | Fusionist | |||
Eduardo Genov�s y Puig | Conservative | |||
Grazalema | Francisco Ruiz Mart�nez | Conservative | ||
Jerez de la Frontera | Jos� Guti�rrez Ag�era | Fusionist | ||
Pedro Jos� Moreno Rodr�guez | Possibilist | |||
Manuel S�nchez Mira | Fusionist | |||
Medina-Sidonia | Antonio �lvarez Jim�nez | Fusionist | ||
Puerto de Santa Mar�a | Pedro Maj�n y Merjelina | Fusionist | ||
Canaries | Gu�a | Fernando de Le�n y Castillo | Fusionist | |
Las Palmas | Pedro Bravo de Laguna y Joven | Conservative | ||
Santa Cruz de La Palma | Miguel Casta�eda y Carmona | Fusionist | ||
Santa Cruz de Tenerife | Juan Garc�a Torres | Fusionist | ||
Feliciano P�rez Zamora | Fusionist | |||
Miguel Villalba Herv�s | Possibilist | |||
Castell�n | Alboc�cer | Carlos Espinosa de los Monteros Sagaseta de Ilurdoz | Fusionist | |
Castell�n de la Plana | Gaspar N��ez de Arce | Fusionist | ||
Lucena del Cid | Jos� Mar�a Tuero y Madrid | Fusionist | ||
Morella | Juan de Mata Zorita | Fusionist | ||
Nules | Ricardo Garc�a Trapero Veragua | Fusionist | ||
Segorbe | Jos� Escrig y Font | Fusionist | ||
Vinaroz | Jer�nimo Ant�n Ram�rez | Fusionist | ||
Ciudad Real | Alc�zar de San Juan | Ram�n Baillo y Mara��n | Fusionist | |
Almad�n | Luis Felipe Aguilera y Rodr�guez | Progressive | ||
Almagro | Federico de Soria Santa Cruz | Fusionist | ||
Ciudad Real | Luis del Rey y Medrano | Fusionist | ||
Daimiel | Emilio Nieto y P�rez | Progressive | ||
Villanueva de los Infantes | Jos� Antonio Guti�rrez de la Vega | Fusionist | ||
C�rdoba | Cabra | Juan Ulloa y Valera | Progressive | |
C�rdoba | Antonio Garijo y Lara | Fusionist | ||
Santos Isasa y Valseca | Conservative | |||
�ngel Losada y Fern�ndez de Liencres | Fusionist | |||
Hinojosa del Duque | F�lix Garc�a G�mez de la Serna | Fusionist | ||
Lucena | Juan Chinchilla D�az de O�ate | Fusionist | ||
Montilla | Antonio Aguilar y Correa | Fusionist | ||
Posadas | Juan Calvo de Le�n y Benjumea | Fusionist | ||
Priego | Juan Manuel S�nchez y Guti�rrez de Castro | Fusionist | ||
Cuenca | Ca�ete | Juli�n Casildo Arribas y Arauz | Conservative | |
Cuenca | Leandro Rubio Mart�nez | Fusionist | ||
Huete | Gumersindo Redondo Mart�nez | Fusionist | ||
Motilla del Palancar | Manuel N��ez de Haro | Fusionist | ||
San Clemente | Manuel Becerra Berm�dez | Progressive | ||
Taranc�n | Francisco Rubio y Pablos | Conservative | ||
Gerona | Figueras | Manuel Henrich y Girona | Fusionist | |
Gerona | Juan Fabra y Floreta | Fusionist | ||
La Bisbal | Francisco Sala y Pou | Fusionist | ||
Olot | Pedro Diz Romero | Fusionist | ||
Puigcerd� | F�lix Maci� y Bonaplata | Fusionist | ||
Santa Coloma de Farn�s | Antonio Matar� y Villalonga | Fusionist | ||
Torroella de Montgr� | Alberto Quintana y Combis | Fusionist | ||
Vilademuls | Jos� �lvarez Mari�o | Conservative | ||
Granada | Albu�ol | Jos� Mar�a Arroyo y Cobo | Fusionist | |
Alhama | Emilio Zayas y Trujillo | Fusionist | ||
Baza | Nicol�s Aravaca y V�zquez | Fusionist | ||
Granada | Melchor Almagro D�az | Possibilist | ||
Francisco Javier Gosalvez | Fusionist | |||
Francisco P�rez del Pulgar | Fusionist | |||
Guadix | Juan Montilla y Ad�n | Fusionist | ||
Hu�scar | Jos� Carre�o de la Cuadra | Fusionist | ||
Loja | Francisco Ruiz Villegas | Fusionist | ||
Motril | Gaspar Esteva Moreu | Fusionist | ||
�rgiva | Fernando Escavias de Carvajal y Sandoval | Fusionist | ||
Guadalajara | Brihuega | Jos� Gonz�lez y Gonz�lez Blanco | Fusionist | |
Guadalajara | Ram�n Rodr�guez Correa | Fusionist | ||
Molina | Francisco Garc�a Martino | Fusionist | ||
Pastrana | Gabriel de la Puerta y R�denas | Fusionist | ||
Sig�enza | Rafael Ruiz Mart�nez | Fusionist | ||
Guip�zcoa | Azpeitia | Joaqu�n de Vera y Olaz�bal | Catholic Union | |
San Sebasti�n | Pedro Nolasco Sagredo y Ansoategui | Fusionist | ||
Tolosa | Joaqu�n Gorostegui y Garagarza | Fusionist | ||
Vergara | Iv�n Aranguren y Alzaga | Fusionist | ||
Huelva | Aracena | Sebasti�n Garc�a Ram�rez | Fusionist | |
Huelva | Luis Page y Blake | Fusionist | ||
La Palma | Cayetano Leygonier y M�rquez | Fusionist | ||
Valverde del Camino | Manuel P�rez Seoane y Mar�n | Fusionist | ||
Huesca | Barbastro | Estanislao de Antonio y Garauto | Fusionist | |
Benabarre | Manuel Le�n Moncasi y Castel | Progressive | ||
Bolta�a | Ram�n de La Cadena y Laguna | Fusionist | ||
Fraga | F�lix Coll y Moncasi | Fusionist | ||
Huesca | Emilio Castelar y Ripoll | Possibilist | ||
Jaca | Manuel Gav�n y Esta�n | Fusionist | ||
Sari�ena | Salvador Bayona y Santamar�a | Fusionist | ||
Ja�n | Baeza | Pedro Manuel Acu�a y Espinosa de los Monteros | Fusionist | |
Cazorla | Jos� Serrano y Aizpur�a | Fusionist | ||
Ja�n | Jos� Mar�a Campos y Mart�nez | Fusionist | ||
Antonio Ferrer y Mart�nez | Fusionist | |||
Teodoro Robles y Arjona | Fusionist | |||
La Carolina | Juan de Dios Sanjuan y Labrador | Fusionist | ||
Martos | Eduardo Le�n y Llerena | Fusionist | ||
�beda | Francisco Javier Gir�n y Arag�n | Fusionist | ||
Villacarrillo | Carlos Navarro y Rodrigo | Fusionist | ||
La Coru�a | Arz�a | Benito Mar�a Hermida y Verea | Fusionist | |
Betanzos | Antonio V�zquez y L�pez Amor | Fusionist | ||
Corcubi�n | Juan Nido Segalerva | Fusionist | ||
El Ferrol | Nicasio P�rez L�pez | Fusionist | ||
La Coru�a | Enrique Fern�ndez Alsina | Progressive | ||
Aureliano Linares Rivas | Fusionist | |||
Antonio del Moral y L�pez | Fusionist | |||
Muros | Manuel Batanero Montenegro | Conservative | ||
Noya | Antonio Romero Ortiz | Fusionist | ||
Padr�n | Eduardo Gasset y Artime | Progressive | ||
Puentedeume | Daniel Rodr�guez y Rodr�guez | Fusionist | ||
Santa Mar�a de �rdenes | Pedro Calder�n de la Barca Herce y Collantes | Fusionist | ||
Santa Marta de Ortigueira | Vicente Donato Villarnovo L�pez | Fusionist | ||
Santiago | Adolfo Forrado y Ozores | Fusionist | ||
Le�n | Astorga | P�o Gull�n Iglesias | Fusionist | |
La Ba�eza | Emilio P�rez Villanueva | Fusionist | ||
La Vecilla | Juan Pi��n y Alonso de la Barcena | Fusionist | ||
Le�n | D�maso Merino Villarino | Fusionist | ||
Murias de Paredes | Manuel Rodr�guez y Rodr�guez | Possibilist | ||
Ponferrada | Daniel Vald�s Barrio | Progressive | ||
Sahag�n | Lesmes Franco del Corral | Fusionist | ||
Valencia de Don Juan | Demetrio Alonso Castrillo | Fusionist | ||
Villafranca del Bierzo | Enrique Garc�a Ce�al | Fusionist | ||
L�rida | Borjas | Jaime Nuet y Minguell | Fusionist | |
Balaguer | Francisco Mart�nez Brau | Fusionist | ||
Cervera | Manuel Alonso Mart�nez | Fusionist | ||
L�rida | Jaime Nuet y Minguell | Fusionist | ||
Seo de Urgel | Isidro Boixader y Solana | Fusionist | ||
Solsona | Manuel de Azc�rraga y Palmero | Fusionist | ||
Sort | Luis de Le�n y Cataumber | Fusionist | ||
Tremp | Rafael Cabezas y Montemayor | Conservative | ||
Logro�o | Arnedo | Jos� Alonso y Morales de Seti�n | Fusionist | |
Logro�o | Tirso Timoteo Rodrig��ez y Mateo Sagasta | Fusionist | ||
Santo Domingo de la Calzada | Rafael Barrio y Ruiz Vidal | Fusionist | ||
Torrecilla en Cameros | Lorenzo de Cod�s y Garc�a | Fusionist | ||
Lugo | Becerre� | Manuel Becerra Berm�dez | Progressive | |
Chantada | Manuel Somoza de la Pe�a | Fusionist | ||
Fonsagrada | Pegerto Pardo Balmonte y Gil | Fusionist | ||
Lugo | Fernando Cos-Gay�n y Pons | Conservative | ||
Benigno Quiroga L�pez Ballesteros | Fusionist | |||
Manuel da Riba do Rego | Fusionist | |||
Mondo�edo | C�ndido Mart�nez Montenegro | Fusionist | ||
Monforte | Rafael L�pez de Lago y Blanco | Conservative | ||
Quiroga | Vicente Quiroga V�zquez | Fusionist | ||
Ribadeo | Eduardo Pardo Montenegro y Montenegro | Fusionist | ||
Vivero | Francisco Sanz Riob� | Fusionist | ||
Madrid | Alcal� de Henares | Inocente Ortiz y Casado | Fusionist | |
Chinch�n | Manuel Ibarra y Cruz | Fusionist | ||
Getafe | Joaqu�n L�pez Puigcerver | Progressive | ||
Madrid | Santiago de Angulo Ortiz de Traspe�a | Fusionist | ||
P�o Bermejillo e Ibarra | Fusionist | |||
Antonio C�novas del Castillo | Conservative | |||
Ventura Garc�a-Sancho Ibarrondo | Fusionist | |||
Pedro Mart�nez Luna | Fusionist | |||
Jos� Posada Herrera | Fusionist | |||
Rafael Reig y Bigne | Fusionist | |||
Francisco Romero Robledo | Conservative | |||
Navalcarnero | Luis Moreno P�rez | Fusionist | ||
Torrelaguna | Cirilo Fern�ndez de la Hoz y Rey | Fusionist | ||
M�laga | Antequera | Francisco Romero Robledo | Conservative | |
Archidona | Juan Facundo Ria�o y Montero | Fusionist | ||
Campillos | Adri�n Risue�o Pradas | Fusionist | ||
Co�n | Jos� L�pez Dom�nguez | Fusionist | ||
Gauc�n | Jos� de Carvajal y Hu� | Progressive | ||
M�laga | Antonio C�novas del Castillo | Conservative | ||
Bernab� D�vila y Bertololi | Fusionist | |||
Juan Larios Enr�quez | Fusionist | |||
Ronda | Crist�bal Rodr�guez de los R�os | Fusionist | ||
Torrox | Rom�n La� y Rute | Fusionist | ||
V�lez-M�laga | Luis de Rute y Giner | Fusionist | ||
Murcia | Cartagena | Salvador Albacete y Albert | Conservative | |
Manuel Cassola Fern�ndez | Fusionist | |||
Juli�n Pag�n y Ayuso | Fusionist | |||
Cieza | Antonio C�novas del Castillo | Conservative | ||
Lorca | Juan Utor y Fern�ndez | Fusionist | ||
Mula | Francisco D'Estoup y Garcer�n | Fusionist | ||
Murcia | Jos� G�mez D�ez | Fusionist | ||
Diego Gonz�lez Conde y Gonz�lez | Conservative | |||
Pedro Pag�n y Ayuso | Fusionist | |||
Yecla | Jos� Alcalde Fern�ndez | Fusionist | ||
Navarre | Aoiz | Jos� Manuel Urzainqui Surio | Fusionist | |
Estella | Fructuoso de Miguel Maule�n | Fusionist | ||
Pamplona | Luis D�ez de Ulzurrun y L�pez de Cer�in | Fusionist | ||
Enrique Larrainzar y Ezcurra | Fusionist | |||
Gregorio Zabalza Olaso | Fusionist | |||
Tafalla | Ram�n Mar�a Badar�n y Ech�varri | Fusionist | ||
Tudela | Luis Martos y Potestad | Conservative | ||
Orense | Bande | Saturnino �lvarez Bugallal | Conservative | |
Carballino | Eduardo Quiroga P�rez | Fusionist | ||
Celanova | Joaqu�n Becerra Armesto | Fusionist | ||
Ginzo de Limia | Ram�n Barrio y Ruiz Vidal | Fusionist | ||
Orense | Vicente P�rez y P�rez | Fusionist | ||
Puebla de Trives | Gil Mar�a Fabra y Deas | Fusionist | ||
Ribadavia | Adolfo Merelles Caula | Fusionist | ||
Valdeorras | Manuel Quiroga V�zquez | Conservative | ||
Ver�n | Ram�n Blanco-Rajoy Poy�n | Fusionist | ||
Oviedo | Avil�s | Juli�n Garc�a San Miguel y Zald�a | Progressive | |
Belmonte | Faustino Allende Valledor | Fusionist | ||
Cangas de Tineo | Francisco de Borja Queipo de Llano y Gayoso de los Cobos | Conservative | ||
Castropol | Dionisio Pinedo Luis Blanco | Fusionist | ||
Gij�n | Hilario Nava y Caveda | Conservative | ||
Infiesto | Bernardino D�az de Rivera | Fusionist | ||
Luarca | Ventura Olavarrieta | Fusionist | ||
Llanes | Jos� Posada Herrera | Fusionist | ||
Oviedo | Jos� Mar�a Bernaldo de Quir�s y Gonz�lez Cienfuegos | Fusionist | ||
Manuel Pedregal y Ca�edo | Progressive | |||
Luis Pidal y Mon | Catholic Union | |||
Pravia | Constantino Fern�ndez Vall�n y �lvarez de Albuerne | Fusionist | ||
Tineo | Antonio S�nchez Campomanes | Fusionist | ||
Villaviciosa | Alejandro Pidal y Mon | Catholic Union | ||
Palencia | Astudillo | Eugenio Garc�a Ruiz | Progressive | |
Carri�n de los Condes | Francisco de la Pisa Pajares | Fusionist | ||
Cervera de Pisuerga | Luis Polanco Labandero | Progressive | ||
Palencia | Saturnino Esteban Miguel y Collantes | Conservative | ||
Salda�a | Mariano Osorio de Lamadrid | Fusionist | ||
Pontevedra | Caldas de Reyes | Hip�lito Rodrig��ez y Mateo Sagasta | Fusionist | |
Cambados | Rafael Antonio de Orense y Figueroa | Fusionist | ||
Estrada | Jos� Mar�a Riestra L�pez | Fusionist | ||
La Ca�iza | Luis Rodr�guez Seoane | Fusionist | ||
Lal�n | Fernando de Valderrama y Mart�nez | Fusionist | ||
Pontevedra | Antonio Aguilar y Correa | Fusionist | ||
Puenteareas | Constantino Armesto y Cobi�n | Fusionist | ||
Puente Caldelas | Raimundo Fern�ndez-Villaverde y Garc�a Rivero | Conservative | ||
Redondela | Manuel Ruiz Higuero | Fusionist | ||
Tuy | Ezequiel Ord��ez Gonz�lez | Conservative | ||
Vigo | �ngel Urzaiz y Cuesta | Fusionist | ||
Salamanca | B�jar | Jer�nimo Rodr�guez Yag�e | Fusionist | |
Ciudad Rodrigo | Luis S�nchez-Arjona y Velasco | Fusionist | ||
Ledesma | Luis Aparicio y L�pez | Fusionist | ||
Pe�aranda de Bracamonte | Manuel �vila Ruano | Fusionist | ||
Salamanca | Jos� Garc�a Sol�s | Fusionist | ||
Sequeros | Jos� Mar�a Espinosa y Villapecell�n | Fusionist | ||
Vitigudino | Manuel de Aguilera y Gamboa | Fusionist | ||
Santander | Cabu�rniga | Federico de la Viesca de la Sierra | Fusionist | |
Laredo | Manuel de Eguilior y Llaguno | Fusionist | ||
Santander | Estanislao Abarca Flejo | Fusionist | ||
Fidel Garc�a Lom�s | Fusionist | |||
Modesto Mart�nez Pacheco | Possibilist | |||
Segovia | Cu�llar | �ngel Jos� Luis Carvajal y Fern�ndez de C�rdoba | Progressive | |
Riaza | Jos� O�ate y Valcarce | Conservative | ||
Santa Mar�a de Nieva | Jos� O�ate y Ruiz | Fusionist | ||
Segovia | Hip�lito Finat y Leguizam�n | Conservative | ||
Seville | Carmona | Eduardo Berm�dez y Reina | Fusionist | |
Cazalla de la Sierra | Ignacio S�nchez Mart�nez | Fusionist | ||
�cija | Juan Bautista �vila y Fern�ndez | Fusionist | ||
Estepa | Pablo Cruz y Orgaz | Fusionist | ||
Marchena | Francisco de Paula Candau y Acosta | Fusionist | ||
Mor�n de la Frontera | Jos� Corbacho Reina | Fusionist | ||
Sanl�car la Mayor | Fernando de Silva y Valle | Fusionist | ||
Seville | Jos� Luis Albareda y Sezde | Fusionist | ||
Joaqu�n Alcaide y Molina | Fusionist | |||
Antonio Mar�a Fabie y Escudero | Fusionist | |||
Federico S�nchez Bedoya | Conservative | |||
Utrera | Eduardo Surga y Le�n | Fusionist | ||
Soria | Almaz�n | Jos� de Mesa y Flores | Fusionist | |
Agreda | �ngel Tutor y Sanz | Fusionist | ||
El Burgo de Osma | Justo San Miguel Barona | Progressive | ||
Soria | Jos� Canalejas y M�ndez | Fusionist | ||
Tarragona | Gandesa | Pedro Antonio Torres Jordi | Fusionist | |
Roquetas | Alberto Bosch y Fustegueras | Conservative | ||
Tarragona | Pedro Nolasco Gay Sard� | Fusionist | ||
Federico Pons y Montells | Fusionist | |||
Mariano Rius y Espina Montaner | Progressive | |||
Tortosa | Jos� Bosch y Carbonell | Fusionist | ||
Valls | Jos� Castellet y Sampso | Fusionist | ||
Vendrell | Juan Ca�ellas y Tom�s | Fusionist | ||
Teruel | Albarrac�n | Carlos Rivera y Juli�n | Fusionist | |
Alca�iz | Manuel de Pedro Esmir | Fusionist | ||
Montalb�n | Fernando O'Lawlor y Caballero | Fusionist | ||
Mora de Rubielos | Antonio Igual y Gil | Progressive | ||
Teruel | Francisco Rodr�guez del Rey | Fusionist | ||
Valderrobres | Juan Jos� Gasca Ballabriga | Fusionist | ||
Toledo | Illescas | Isidoro Recio y S�nchez de Ipola | Fusionist | |
Oca�a | Venancio Gonz�lez y Fern�ndez | Fusionist | ||
Orgaz | Segismundo Moret y Prendergast | Progressive | ||
Puente del Arzobispo | Rufino Mansi y Bonilla | Fusionist | ||
Quintanar de la Orden | Alfonso Gonz�lez y Lozano | Fusionist | ||
Talavera de la Reina | �ngel Mansi y Bonilla | Fusionist | ||
Toledo | Jos� P�rez Caballero y Posada | Fusionist | ||
Torrijos | Manuel Benayas Portocarrero | Fusionist | ||
Valencia | Albaida | Jos� Iranzo y Presencia | Fusionist | |
Alcira | Joaqu�n Mart�n de Ol�as | Possibilist | ||
Chelva | Manuel de Salamanca y Negrete | Fusionist | ||
Chiva | Jos� Busutil Barber� | Fusionist | ||
Enguera | Carlos Testor y Pascual | Fusionist | ||
Gandia | Jos� Cort y Gos�lvez | Fusionist | ||
J�tiva | Cirilo Amor�s Pastor | Moderate | ||
Liria | Enrique de Villarroya y Llorens | Fusionist | ||
Requena | Ricardo Garc�a Mart�nez | Fusionist | ||
Sagunto | Mariano Ros Carsi | Fusionist | ||
Sueca | Rafael Sarthou y Calvo | Fusionist | ||
Torrente | Jacobo Sales Reig | Fusionist | ||
Valencia | Rafael Atard y Llobell | Progressive | ||
Vicente Chapa y Olmos | Fusionist | |||
Cristino Martos Balbi | Progressive | |||
Valladolid | Medina del Campo | Germ�n Gamazo y Calvo | Fusionist | |
Nava del Rey | Juan Mu�oz y Vargas | Fusionist | ||
Valladolid | Miguel Alonso Pesquera | Conservative | ||
Germ�n Gamazo y Calvo | Fusionist | |||
Jos� Nieto �lvarez | Fusionist | |||
Villal�n de Campos | �ngel de la Riva Espiga | Fusionist | ||
Zamora | Alca�ices | Felipe Padierna de Villapadierna y Mu�iz | Fusionist | |
Benavente | Enrique Tordesillas y O'Donnell | Fusionist | ||
Puebla de Sanabria | Felipe Rodr�guez y Rodr�guez | Fusionist | ||
Toro | Jos� de Le�n y Molina | Fusionist | ||
Villalpando | Ricardo Mu�iz Viglietti | Fusionist | ||
Zamora | Pr�xedes Mateo Sagasta y Escolar | Fusionist | ||
Zaragoza | Belchite | Miguel Sinues Lezaun | Fusionist | |
Calatayud | Celestino Aranda y Jim�nez | Fusionist | ||
Caspe | Juan Mompe�n y Goser | Fusionist | ||
Daroca | Manuel Ballesteros y Cont�n | Fusionist | ||
Ejea de los Caballeros | Mariano Arredondo y Collar | Fusionist | ||
La Almunia | Rafael Serrano de Acebr�n | Fusionist | ||
Tarazona | Emilio Navarro y Ochoteco | Fusionist | ||
Zaragoza | Tom�s Castellano y Villarroya | Conservative | ||
Joaqu�n Gil Berges | Possibilist | |||
Juan Salvador Herrando | Fusionist | |||
Cumulative voting | Eugenio Montero R�os | Fusionist |
By-elections
Constituency | Date | Elected member | Allegiance | Cause | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Puebla de Sanabria | 4 November 1881 | Felipe Rodr�guez y Rodr�guez | Fusionist | Incapacitation of Felipe Rodr�guez y Rodr�guez | |
Algeciras | 27 November 1881 | Jos� Gonz�lez Roncero | Fusionist | Incapacitation of Jos� Gonz�lez de la Vega | |
C�ceres | 4 December 1881 | Manuel Falc� y Osorio d'Adda y Guti�rrez de los R�os | Fusionist | Nullification of the election of Manuel Falc� y Osorio d'Adda | |
Matar� | 4 December 1881 | Jos� Garc�a Oliver | Fusionist | Incapacitation of Francisco Taulina y Garriga | |
Salas de los Infantes | 29 January 1882 | Enrique Santana L�pez | Fusionist | Resignation of Pedro Gonz�lez Marr�n | |
Castrojeriz | 5 February 1882 | Andr�s Caballero y Muguiro | Fusionist | Resignation of Manuel Alonso Mart�nez | |
Carmona | 23 April 1882 | Eduardo Berm�dez y Reina | Fusionist | Resignation of Eduardo Berm�dez y Reina | |
Lucena del Cid | 23 April 1882 | Emilio S�nchez Pastor | Fusionist | Death of Jos� Mar�a Tuero y Madrid | |
Hu�scar | 30 April 1882 | Jos� Carre�o de la Cuadra | Fusionist | Resignation of Jos� Carre�o de la Cuadra | |
Nava del Rey | 7 May 1882 | Pedro Antonio Pimentel Ar�valo | Fusionist | Resignation of Juan Mu�oz y Vargas | |
Dolores | 21 May 1882 | Jos� de Granda Gonz�lez | Fusionist | Resignation of Manuel Gonz�lez Llana | |
L�rida | 21 May 1882 | Jos� Mar�a Celleruelo y Poviones | Possibilist | Choice of Borjas by Jaime Nuet y Minguell | |
Benabarre | 2 July 1882 | Francisco Moncasi y Castel | Conservative | Death of Manuel Le�n Moncasi y Castel | |
Ribadeo | 2 July 1882 | Rafael Monares Insa | Fusionist | Death of Eduardo Pardo Montenegro y Montenegro | |
La Almunia | 9 July 1882 | Jos� Ferreras Toro | Fusionist | Death of Rafael Serrano de Acebr�n | |
Chelva | 16 July 1882 | Manuel de Salamanca y Negrete | Fusionist | Resignation of Manuel de Salamanca y Negrete | |
Grazalema | 6 August 1882 | Leandro Antol�n Ruiz Mart�nez | Conservative | Resignation of Francisco Ruiz Mart�nez | |
Gandesa | 20 August 1882 | Pedro Antonio Torres Jordi | Fusionist | Resignation of Pedro Antonio Torres Jordi | |
Orihuela | 20 August 1882 | Trinitario Ruiz Capdep�n | Fusionist | Resignation of Trinitario Ruiz Capdep�n | |
Alcal� de Henares | 21 January 1883 | Inocente Ortiz y Casado | Fusionist | Resignation of Inocente Ortiz y Casado | |
La Vecilla | 4 February 1883 | Ricardo Mu�oz Viglietti | Unknown | Death of Juan Pi��n y Alonso de la Barcena | |
Sagunto | 4 February 1883 | Federico Loygorri de la Torre | Fusionist | Death of Mariano Ros Carsi | |
Torroella de Montgr� | 26 February 1883 | Alberto Quintana y Combis | Fusionist | Resignation of Alberto Quintana y Combis | |
Bolta�a | 4 March 1883 | Ram�n de La Cadena y Laguna | Fusionist | Resignation of Ram�n de La Cadena y Laguna | |
Ciudad Real | 4 March 1883 | Luis del Rey y Medrano | Fusionist | Resignation of Luis del Rey y Medrano | |
Tarazona | 4 March 1883 | Emilio Navarro y Ochoteco | Fusionist | Resignation of Emilio Navarro y Ochoteco | |
Albacete | 11 March 1883 | Fernando Salamanca y Livermore | Fusionist | Death of Jos� Salamanca y Mayol | |
La Bisbal | 18 March 1883 | Alberto Camps y Armet | Conservative | Nullification of the election of Francisco Sala y Pou | |
Alcaraz | 25 March 1883 | Octavio Cuartero Cifuentes | Fusionist | Resignation of Antonio Ortiz y Ust�riz | |
Astudillo | 25 March 1883 | Lorenzo Garc�a Benito | Fusionist | Death of Eugenio Garc�a Ruiz | |
Chantada | 25 March 1883 | Isidro Aguado y Mora | Fusionist | Resignation of Manuel Somoza de la Pe�a | |
Cuenca | 25 March 1883 | Joaqu�n Mar�a Gir�n y Font | Unknown | Resignation of Leandro Rubio Mart�nez | |
Granollers | 25 March 1883 | Antonio Ferratges de Mesa Ballester | Fusionist | Resignation of Antonio Ferratges de Mesa Ballester | |
Logro�o | 25 March 1883 | Tirso Timoteo Rodrig��ez y Mateo Sagasta | Fusionist | Resignation of Tirso Timoteo Rodrig��ez y Mateo Sagasta | |
Mondo�edo | 25 March 1883 | C�ndido Mart�nez Montenegro | Fusionist | Resignation of C�ndido Mart�nez Montenegro | |
Pamplona | 25 March 1883 | Miguel D�ez de Ulzurrun y L�pez de Cer�in | Fusionist | Resignation of Gregorio Zabalza Olaso | |
Pamplona | 25 March 1883 | Wenceslao Mart�nez Aquerreta | Fusionist | Resignation Enrique Larrainzar y Ezcurra | |
Solsona | 25 March 1883 | Manuel de Azc�rraga y Palmero | Fusionist | Resignation of Manuel de Azc�rraga y Palmero | |
Valencia de Don Juan | 25 March 1883 | Demetrio Alonso Castrillo | Fusionist | Resignation of Demetrio Alonso Castrillo | |
Motril | 1 April 1883 | Francisco Moreu S�nchez | Fusionist | Nullification of the election of Gaspar Esteva Moreu | |
San Feli� de Llobregat | 1 April 1883 | Jos� Ramoneda y Mon�s | Fusionist | Nullification of the election of Miguel El�as Marchal | |
Medina del Campo | 8 April 1883 | Francisco L�pez Flores | Unknown | Choice of Valladolid by Germ�n Gamazo y Calvo | |
Sig�enza | 15 April 1883 | Antonio Botija Fajardo | Fusionist | Resignation of Rafael Ruiz Mart�nez | |
Cervera | 22 April 1883 | Vicente Alonso Mart�nez y Mart�n | Fusionist | Choice of Burgos by Manuel Alonso Mart�nez | |
Lorca | 22 April 1883 | Miguel Abell�n y Pinar | Unknown | Nullification of the election of Juan Utor y Fern�ndez | |
Tolosa | 22 April 1883 | Manuel de la Torre Ortiz y Gil | Conservative | Resignation of Joaqu�n Gorostegui y Garagarza | |
Betanzos | 6 May 1883 | Antonio V�zquez y L�pez Amor | Fusionist | Nullification of the election of Antonio V�zquez y L�pez Amor | |
Castelltersol | 20 May 1883 | Federico Pons y Montells | Fusionist | Nullification of the election of Antonio Rod� y Casanova | |
Estella | 20 May 1883 | Jos� Mar�a Mart�nez de Ubago y Rodr�guez | Conservative | Resignation of Fructuoso de Miguel Maule�n | |
Puenteareas | 20 May 1883 | Castor Garc�a Fern�ndez | Unknown | Nullification of the election of Constantino Armesto y Cobi�n | |
San Clemente | 20 May 1883 | Joaqu�n Risue�o Briz | Unknown | Choice of Becerre� by Manuel Becerra Berm�dez | |
Sequeros | 20 May 1883 | Ferm�n Hern�ndez Iglesias | Conservative | Nullification of the election of Jos� Mar�a Espinosa y Villapecell�n | |
Medina-Sidonia | 27 May 1883 | Francisco Ruiz Mart�nez | Conservative | Incapacitation of Antonio �lvarez Jim�nez | |
Cazalla de la Sierra | 24 June 1883 | Luis Calatrava y L�pez Vadillo | Unknown | Death of Ignacio S�nchez Mart�nez | |
Montilla | 18 July 1883 | Manuel Mariategui y Vinyals | Conservative | Resignation of Antonio Aguilar y Correa | |
Villacarrillo | 22 July 1883 | Genaro de la Parra y Aguilar | Fusionist | Choice of Sorbas by Carlos Navarro y Rodrigo | |
C�diz | 26 August 1883 | Alonso �lvarez de Toledo y Caro | Fusionist | Resignation of Eduardo Genov�s y Puig | |
C�diz | 26 August 1883 | Eduardo Garrido Estrada | Conservative | Death of Jos� Gonz�lez de la Vega | |
Puentedeume | 2 September 1883 | Gaspar Rodr�guez y Rodr�guez | Fusionist | Resignation of Daniel Rodr�guez y Rodr�guez | |
Avil�s | 20 January 1884 | Juli�n Garc�a San Miguel y Zald�a | Progressive | Resignation of Juli�n Garc�a San Miguel y Zald�a | |
Daimiel | 20 January 1884 | Emilio Nieto y P�rez | Progressive | Resignation of Emilio Nieto y P�rez | |
Ejea de los Caballeros | 20 January 1884 | �ngel Ram�rez Carrera | Unknown | Resignation of Mariano Arredondo y Collar | |
Getafe | 20 January 1884 | Joaqu�n L�pez Puigcerver | Progressive | Resignation of Joaqu�n L�pez Puigcerver | |
Laredo | 20 January 1884 | Manuel de Eguilior y Llaguno | Fusionist | Resignation of Manuel de Eguilior y Llaguno | |
Soria | 20 January 1884 | Jos� Canalejas y M�ndez | Fusionist | Resignation of Jos� Canalejas y M�ndez | |
Villanueva y Geltr� | 20 January 1884 | V�ctor Balaguer y Cirera | Dynastic Left | Resignation of V�ctor Balaguer y Cirera | |
Alboc�cer | 3 February 1884 | Bernardo de Frau y Mesa | Fusionist | Resignation of Carlos Espinosa de los Monteros | |
Martos | 3 February 1884 | Joaqu�n Ruiz Jim�nez | Fusionist | Resignation of Eduardo Le�n y Llerena | |
Marchena | 17 February 1884 | Francisco Ruiz Mart�nez | Fusionist | Death of Francisco de Paula Candau y Acosta | |
Vitoria | 17 February 1884 | Sebastián Abreu y Cerain | Conservative | Death of Ramón Ortiz de Zárate Martínez de Galarreta | |
Mataró | 24 February 1884 | Juan Martínez Illescas y Moreno | Unknown | Incapacitation of José García Oliver |
Senate
[edit]Parties and alliances | Seats | |
---|---|---|
Liberal Fusionist Party (Fusionistas) | 135 | |
Liberal Conservative Party (Conservadores) | 15 | |
Progressive–Possibilist Democrats (Demócratas) | 12 | |
Democratic Party (PD) | 4 | |
Independents (Independientes) | 8 | |
Archbishops (Arzobispos) | 10 | |
Total elective seats | 180 | |
Sources[20][21][22] |
References
[edit]- ^ "Real decreto declarando disueltos el Congreso de los Diputados y la parte electiva del Senado" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish) (177). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado: 871. 26 June 1881.
- ^ Martorell Linares 1997, pp. 139–143.
- ^ Martínez Relanzón 2017, pp. 147–148.
- ^ a b c Constitución de 1876 (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). 30 June 1876. Retrieved 27 December 2016. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "El Senado en la historia constitucional española". Senate of Spain (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 December 2016.
- ^ García Muñoz 2002, pp. 105–106.
- ^ Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1077.
- ^ a b Ley electoral de los Diputados a Cortes (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (Law) (in Spanish). 28 December 1878. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ a b Ley electoral de Senadores (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (Law) (in Spanish). 8 February 1877. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ Ley dictando reglas para la elección de Senadores en las islas de Cuba y Puerto Rico (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (Law) (in Spanish). 9 January 1879. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ "Real decreto determinando el número de Senadores que habrán de elegirse en cada una de las provincias con motivo de las próximas elecciones" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish) (184). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado: 23. 3 July 1881.
- ^ Martínez Ruiz, Maqueda Abreu & De Diego 1999, p. 109.
- ^ Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1093.
- ^ For election results:
- "Elecciones a Cortes 21 de agosto de 1881". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 December 2020.
- "Hechas las clasificaciones de diputados, resultan 48 conservadores, 32 demócratas y 12 de otras fracciones". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 26 August 1881. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
- "Crónica Universal. España". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). La Ilustración Católica. 28 August 1881. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
- "Elecciones generales para Diputados a Cortes verificadas en los años de 1881 y 1884" (PDF). National Institute of Statistics (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 December 2020.
- ^ Roldán de Montaud 1999, pp. 254–258.
- ^ "Elecciones Generales por Provincias". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). La Correspondencia de España. 22 August 1881. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
- ^ "Elecciones". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Fígaro. 24 August 1881. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
- ^ "El futuro Congreso". Biblioteca Virtual de Andalucía (in Spanish). El Defensor de Granada. 26 August 1881. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
- ^ "Archivo histórico de diputados". Congress of Deputies (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 December 2020.
- ^ "Las elecciones y el Senado". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Imparcial. 3 September 1881. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
- ^ "Segun cálculos muy verosímiles, las oposiciones traerán al Senado 15 demócratas, 12 conservadores, 10 ultramontanos y 3 independientes". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 3 September 1881. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
- ^ "Más noticias sobre senadores". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). La Época. 4 September 1881. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
Bibliography
[edit]- Martorell Linares, Miguel Ángel (1997). "La crisis parlamentaria de 1913-1917. La quiebra del sistema de relaciones parlamentarias de la Restauración". Revista de Estudios Políticos (in Spanish) (96): 137–161. ISSN 0048-7694. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
- Martínez Ruiz, Enrique; Maqueda Abreu, Consuelo; De Diego, Emilio (1999). Atlas histórico de España (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Bilbao: Ediciones KAL. pp. 108–110. ISBN 9788470903502.
- Roldán de Montaud, Inés (1999). "Política y elecciones en Cuba durante la restauración". Revista de Estudios Políticos (in Spanish) (104): 245–287. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
- García Muñoz, Montserrat (2002). "La documentación electoral y el fichero histórico de diputados". Revista General de Información y Documentación (in Spanish). 12 (1): 93–137. ISSN 1132-1873. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
- Carreras de Odriozola, Albert; Tafunell Sambola, Xavier (2005) [1989]. Estadísticas históricas de España, siglos XIX-XX (PDF) (in Spanish). Vol. 1 (II ed.). Bilbao: Fundación BBVA. pp. 1072–1097. ISBN 84-96515-00-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015.
- Martínez Relanzón, Alejandro (2017). "Political Modernization in Spain Between 1876 and 1923". Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio K. 24 (1). Madrid: Maria Curie-Skłodowska University: 145–154. doi:10.17951/k.2017.24.1.145.
External links
[edit]- Historical archive of deputies (1810–1977). Congress of Deputies (in Spanish).
- Elections in the Revolutionary Sexennium and the Restoration. Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish).