-us

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Translingual

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Etymology

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Learned borrowing from Latin -us.

Suffix

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-us m

  1. (taxonomy) Used to form taxonomic names.

Derived terms

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Esperanto

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Etymology

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The Esperanto suffixes -as, -is, -os, and -us are related and appear to have been inspired by previous language projects:

This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's: -as, -is, -os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765; -a, -i, -o without a consonant are used like Z's -as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 had -am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as -um corresponds to Z's -us.An International Language (1928)

In addition, the u of -us is likely to be related to -u.

Pronunciation

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  • Audio:(file)

Suffix

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-us

  1. Ending of the conditional in verbs.

Estonian

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Etymology

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A merger of Proto-Finnic *-us (in the first sense) and Proto-Finnic *-uc (in the second sense). Cognate with Finnish -us.

Suffix

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-us (genitive -use, partitive -ust)

  1. Derives nouns from verbs.
    armastama "to love" → armastus "love"
    võistlema "to compete" → võistlus "competition"
    joonistama "to draw" → joonistus "a drawing"
  2. Derives nouns from adjectives.
    aus "honest" → ausus "honesty"
    pikk "long" → pikkus "length"

Declension

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Declension of -us (ÕS type 11/harjutus, no gradation)
singular plural
nominative -us -used
accusative nom.
gen. -use
genitive -uste
partitive -ust -usi
illative -usse
-usesse
-ustesse
-usisse
inessive -uses -ustes
-usis
elative -usest -ustest
-usist
allative -usele -ustele
-usile
adessive -usel -ustel
-usil
ablative -uselt -ustelt
-usilt
translative -useks -usteks
-usiks
terminative -useni -usteni
essive -usena -ustena
abessive -useta -usteta
comitative -usega -ustega
Declension of -us (ÕS type 9/katus, no gradation)
singular plural
nominative -us -used
accusative nom.
gen. -use
genitive -uste
partitive -ust -useid
illative -usesse -ustesse
-useisse
inessive -uses -ustes
-useis
elative -usest -ustest
-useist
allative -usele -ustele
-useile
adessive -usel -ustel
-useil
ablative -uselt -ustelt
-useilt
translative -useks -usteks
-useiks
terminative -useni -usteni
essive -usena -ustena
abessive -useta -usteta
comitative -usega -ustega

Derived terms

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Finnish

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-Finnic *-us, generalized from -s-derivatives of u-stem verbs (e.g. ihastuaihastus, menestyämenestys). Compare -os.

Suffix

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-us (front vowel harmony variant -ys, linguistic notation -Us)

  1. Forms nouns from verbs, describing an action or event.
    kuvata (to describe) + ‎-us → ‎kuvaus (description)
    pakata (to pack) + ‎-us → ‎pakkaus (package)
    ylentää (to promote) + ‎-us → ‎ylennys (promotion)
    hälyttää (to alarm) + ‎-us → ‎hälytys (alarm)
Usage notes
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  • With -ahtaa (momentane) verbs, the final -ht- may disappear entirely (through *-AhdUs > *-AhUs (regular loss in e.g. eastern dialects) > *-AUs). This has led to -AUs (-aus/-äys) becoming its own pseudo-suffix. Often both variants, one with -AhdUs and one with -AUs, exist in parallel.
Declension
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Inflection of -us (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)
nominative -us -ukset
genitive -uksen -usten
-uksien
partitive -usta -uksia
illative -ukseen -uksiin
singular plural
nominative -us -ukset
accusative nom. -us -ukset
gen. -uksen
genitive -uksen -usten
-uksien
partitive -usta -uksia
inessive -uksessa -uksissa
elative -uksesta -uksista
illative -ukseen -uksiin
adessive -uksella -uksilla
ablative -ukselta -uksilta
allative -ukselle -uksille
essive -uksena -uksina
translative -ukseksi -uksiksi
abessive -uksetta -uksitta
instructive -uksin
comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of -us (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)
first-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative -ukseni -ukseni
accusative nom. -ukseni -ukseni
gen. -ukseni
genitive -ukseni -usteni
-uksieni
partitive -ustani -uksiani
inessive -uksessani -uksissani
elative -uksestani -uksistani
illative -ukseeni -uksiini
adessive -uksellani -uksillani
ablative -ukseltani -uksiltani
allative -ukselleni -uksilleni
essive -uksenani -uksinani
translative -uksekseni -uksikseni
abessive -uksettani -uksittani
instructive
comitative -uksineni
second-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative -uksesi -uksesi
accusative nom. -uksesi -uksesi
gen. -uksesi
genitive -uksesi -ustesi
-uksiesi
partitive -ustasi -uksiasi
inessive -uksessasi -uksissasi
elative -uksestasi -uksistasi
illative -ukseesi -uksiisi
adessive -uksellasi -uksillasi
ablative -ukseltasi -uksiltasi
allative -uksellesi -uksillesi
essive -uksenasi -uksinasi
translative -ukseksesi -uksiksesi
abessive -uksettasi -uksittasi
instructive
comitative -uksinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative -uksemme -uksemme
accusative nom. -uksemme -uksemme
gen. -uksemme
genitive -uksemme -ustemme
-uksiemme
partitive -ustamme -uksiamme
inessive -uksessamme -uksissamme
elative -uksestamme -uksistamme
illative -ukseemme -uksiimme
adessive -uksellamme -uksillamme
ablative -ukseltamme -uksiltamme
allative -uksellemme -uksillemme
essive -uksenamme -uksinamme
translative -ukseksemme -uksiksemme
abessive -uksettamme -uksittamme
instructive
comitative -uksinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative -uksenne -uksenne
accusative nom. -uksenne -uksenne
gen. -uksenne
genitive -uksenne -ustenne
-uksienne
partitive -ustanne -uksianne
inessive -uksessanne -uksissanne
elative -uksestanne -uksistanne
illative -ukseenne -uksiinne
adessive -uksellanne -uksillanne
ablative -ukseltanne -uksiltanne
allative -uksellenne -uksillenne
essive -uksenanne -uksinanne
translative -ukseksenne -uksiksenne
abessive -uksettanne -uksittanne
instructive
comitative -uksinenne
third-person possessor
singular plural
nominative -uksensa -uksensa
accusative nom. -uksensa -uksensa
gen. -uksensa
genitive -uksensa -ustensa
-uksiensa
partitive -ustaan
-ustansa
-uksiaan
-uksiansa
inessive -uksessaan
-uksessansa
-uksissaan
-uksissansa
elative -uksestaan
-uksestansa
-uksistaan
-uksistansa
illative -ukseensa -uksiinsa
adessive -uksellaan
-uksellansa
-uksillaan
-uksillansa
ablative -ukseltaan
-ukseltansa
-uksiltaan
-uksiltansa
allative -ukselleen
-uksellensa
-uksilleen
-uksillensa
essive -uksenaan
-uksenansa
-uksinaan
-uksinansa
translative -uksekseen
-ukseksensa
-uksikseen
-uksiksensa
abessive -uksettaan
-uksettansa
-uksittaan
-uksittansa
instructive
comitative -uksineen
-uksinensa
Alternative forms
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  • -tus (used with the verb types rohkaista (66) and valita (69))
Synonyms
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  • -mus (used with the verb types sallia (61), and in some cases, sanoa (52) and muistaa (53))
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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From Proto-Finnic *-us. Probably generalized from -s-derivatives of u-stem nominals (e.g. etu-edus, palvelupalvelus), or through the loss of a plain u-derivative from the standard language (e.g. keski- → dial. kesku-keskus), and thus identical to -us (etymology 1). In some cases potentially by confusion with -uus, -us (etymology 3). Alternatively from Proto-Uralic *-wikse.

Suffix

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-us (front vowel harmony variant -ys, linguistic notation -Us)

  1. Forms nouns, indicating resemblance or association.
    kanta (base) + ‎-us → ‎kannus (spur)
    sormi (finger) + ‎-us → ‎sormus (ring)
    vasta- (counter-) + ‎-us → ‎vastus (resistance, opposition)
    kehä (circle, ring) + ‎-us → ‎kehys (frame)
    syli (bosom, lap) + ‎-us → ‎sylys (armful)
    typerä (stupid) + ‎-us → ‎typerys (fool)
Declension
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Inflection of -us (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)
nominative -us -ukset
genitive -uksen -usten
-uksien
partitive -usta -uksia
illative -ukseen -uksiin
singular plural
nominative -us -ukset
accusative nom. -us -ukset
gen. -uksen
genitive -uksen -usten
-uksien
partitive -usta -uksia
inessive -uksessa -uksissa
elative -uksesta -uksista
illative -ukseen -uksiin
adessive -uksella -uksilla
ablative -ukselta -uksilta
allative -ukselle -uksille
essive -uksena -uksina
translative -ukseksi -uksiksi
abessive -uksetta -uksitta
instructive -uksin
comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of -us (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)
first-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative -ukseni -ukseni
accusative nom. -ukseni -ukseni
gen. -ukseni
genitive -ukseni -usteni
-uksieni
partitive -ustani -uksiani
inessive -uksessani -uksissani
elative -uksestani -uksistani
illative -ukseeni -uksiini
adessive -uksellani -uksillani
ablative -ukseltani -uksiltani
allative -ukselleni -uksilleni
essive -uksenani -uksinani
translative -uksekseni -uksikseni
abessive -uksettani -uksittani
instructive
comitative -uksineni
second-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative -uksesi -uksesi
accusative nom. -uksesi -uksesi
gen. -uksesi
genitive -uksesi -ustesi
-uksiesi
partitive -ustasi -uksiasi
inessive -uksessasi -uksissasi
elative -uksestasi -uksistasi
illative -ukseesi -uksiisi
adessive -uksellasi -uksillasi
ablative -ukseltasi -uksiltasi
allative -uksellesi -uksillesi
essive -uksenasi -uksinasi
translative -ukseksesi -uksiksesi
abessive -uksettasi -uksittasi
instructive
comitative -uksinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative -uksemme -uksemme
accusative nom. -uksemme -uksemme
gen. -uksemme
genitive -uksemme -ustemme
-uksiemme
partitive -ustamme -uksiamme
inessive -uksessamme -uksissamme
elative -uksestamme -uksistamme
illative -ukseemme -uksiimme
adessive -uksellamme -uksillamme
ablative -ukseltamme -uksiltamme
allative -uksellemme -uksillemme
essive -uksenamme -uksinamme
translative -ukseksemme -uksiksemme
abessive -uksettamme -uksittamme
instructive
comitative -uksinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative -uksenne -uksenne
accusative nom. -uksenne -uksenne
gen. -uksenne
genitive -uksenne -ustenne
-uksienne
partitive -ustanne -uksianne
inessive -uksessanne -uksissanne
elative -uksestanne -uksistanne
illative -ukseenne -uksiinne
adessive -uksellanne -uksillanne
ablative -ukseltanne -uksiltanne
allative -uksellenne -uksillenne
essive -uksenanne -uksinanne
translative -ukseksenne -uksiksenne
abessive -uksettanne -uksittanne
instructive
comitative -uksinenne
third-person possessor
singular plural
nominative -uksensa -uksensa
accusative nom. -uksensa -uksensa
gen. -uksensa
genitive -uksensa -ustensa
-uksiensa
partitive -ustaan
-ustansa
-uksiaan
-uksiansa
inessive -uksessaan
-uksessansa
-uksissaan
-uksissansa
elative -uksestaan
-uksestansa
-uksistaan
-uksistansa
illative -ukseensa -uksiinsa
adessive -uksellaan
-uksellansa
-uksillaan
-uksillansa
ablative -ukseltaan
-ukseltansa
-uksiltaan
-uksiltansa
allative -ukselleen
-uksellensa
-uksilleen
-uksillensa
essive -uksenaan
-uksenansa
-uksinaan
-uksinansa
translative -uksekseen
-ukseksensa
-uksikseen
-uksiksensa
abessive -uksettaan
-uksettansa
-uksittaan
-uksittansa
instructive
comitative -uksineen
-uksinensa
Derived terms
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Etymology 3

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See the etymology of -uus.

Suffix

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-us (front vowel harmony variant -ys, linguistic notation -Us)

  1. Short form of the suffix -uus, used where the stem of the root adjective ends in a vowel.
Declension
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Inflection of -us (Kotus type 40*F/kalleus, t-d gradation)
nominative -us -udet
genitive -uden -uksien
partitive -utta -uksia
illative -uteen -uksiin
singular plural
nominative -us -udet
accusative nom. -us -udet
gen. -uden
genitive -uden -uksien
partitive -utta -uksia
inessive -udessa -uksissa
elative -udesta -uksista
illative -uteen -uksiin
adessive -udella -uksilla
ablative -udelta -uksilta
allative -udelle -uksille
essive -utena -uksina
translative -udeksi -uksiksi
abessive -udetta -uksitta
instructive -uksin
comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of -us (Kotus type 40*F/kalleus, t-d gradation)
first-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative -uteni -uteni
accusative nom. -uteni -uteni
gen. -uteni
genitive -uteni -uksieni
partitive -uttani -uksiani
inessive -udessani -uksissani
elative -udestani -uksistani
illative -uteeni -uksiini
adessive -udellani -uksillani
ablative -udeltani -uksiltani
allative -udelleni -uksilleni
essive -utenani -uksinani
translative -udekseni -uksikseni
abessive -udettani -uksittani
instructive
comitative -uksineni
second-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative -utesi -utesi
accusative nom. -utesi -utesi
gen. -utesi
genitive -utesi -uksiesi
partitive -uttasi -uksiasi
inessive -udessasi -uksissasi
elative -udestasi -uksistasi
illative -uteesi -uksiisi
adessive -udellasi -uksillasi
ablative -udeltasi -uksiltasi
allative -udellesi -uksillesi
essive -utenasi -uksinasi
translative -udeksesi -uksiksesi
abessive -udettasi -uksittasi
instructive
comitative -uksinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative -utemme -utemme
accusative nom. -utemme -utemme
gen. -utemme
genitive -utemme -uksiemme
partitive -uttamme -uksiamme
inessive -udessamme -uksissamme
elative -udestamme -uksistamme
illative -uteemme -uksiimme
adessive -udellamme -uksillamme
ablative -udeltamme -uksiltamme
allative -udellemme -uksillemme
essive -utenamme -uksinamme
translative -udeksemme -uksiksemme
abessive -udettamme -uksittamme
instructive
comitative -uksinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative -utenne -utenne
accusative nom. -utenne -utenne
gen. -utenne
genitive -utenne -uksienne
partitive -uttanne -uksianne
inessive -udessanne -uksissanne
elative -udestanne -uksistanne
illative -uteenne -uksiinne
adessive -udellanne -uksillanne
ablative -udeltanne -uksiltanne
allative -udellenne -uksillenne
essive -utenanne -uksinanne
translative -udeksenne -uksiksenne
abessive -udettanne -uksittanne
instructive
comitative -uksinenne
third-person possessor
singular plural
nominative -utensa -utensa
accusative nom. -utensa -utensa
gen. -utensa
genitive -utensa -uksiensa
partitive -uttaan
-uttansa
-uksiaan
-uksiansa
inessive -udessaan
-udessansa
-uksissaan
-uksissansa
elative -udestaan
-udestansa
-uksistaan
-uksistansa
illative -uteensa -uksiinsa
adessive -udellaan
-udellansa
-uksillaan
-uksillansa
ablative -udeltaan
-udeltansa
-uksiltaan
-uksiltansa
allative -udelleen
-udellensa
-uksilleen
-uksillensa
essive -utenaan
-utenansa
-uksinaan
-uksinansa
translative -udekseen
-udeksensa
-uksikseen
-uksiksensa
abessive -udettaan
-udettansa
-uksittaan
-uksittansa
instructive
comitative -uksineen
-uksinensa
Derived terms
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Anagrams

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Hungarian

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Etymology

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From -u (diminutive suffix) +‎ -s (diminutive suffix).[1]

Pronunciation

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Suffix

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-us

  1. (diminutive suffix) Added to a proper noun or other nouns to create a diminutive noun.
    Teréz (Theresa)Terus (Tess)
    apa (father)apus (dad)
    cica (cat)cicus (kitty)
    kutya (dog)kutyus (pooch, puppy)
  2. A distinguishable foreign word ending in nouns. It cannot be considered as an independent Hungarian suffix.
    agronómus (agronomist)

Usage notes

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  • (diminutive suffix): It creates diminutive or affectionate forms, most of the time of people’s given names, but also of common nouns, usually from ones ending in -a. Other examples: Anna → Annus, Magda → Magdus, Gyula → Gyulus. The -ka diminutive suffix can also be appended after -us to further increase the degree of endearment: apuska, cicuska, kutyuska, Annuska, Magduska.

Derived terms

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ -us in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN.  (See also its 2nd edition.)

Ingrian

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-Finnic *-us. Cognates include Finnish -us.

Pronunciation

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Suffix

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-us (front vowel variant -ys)

  1. Forms nouns denoting resemblance.
    pääl (above) + ‎-us → ‎päälys (surface)
Declension
[edit]
Declension of -us (type 2/petos, no gradation)
singular plural
nominative -us -ukset
genitive -uksen -uksiin
partitive -usta, -ust -uksia
illative -uksee -uksii
inessive -uksees -uksiis
elative -uksest -uksist
allative -ukselle -uksille
adessive -ukseel -uksiil
ablative -ukselt -uksilt
translative -ukseks -uksiks
essive -uksenna, -ukseen -uksinna, -uksiin
exessive1) -uksent -uksint
1) obsolete
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl)
**) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.
Derived terms
[edit]

Etymology 2

[edit]

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

[edit]

Suffix

[edit]

-us (front vowel variant -ys)

  1. Alternative form of -uus
Declension
[edit]
Declension of -us (type 2/oikehus, no gradation)
singular plural
nominative -us -uet
genitive -uen -uksiin
partitive -utta -uksia
illative -uee -uksii
inessive -uees -uksiis
elative -uest -uksist
allative -uelle -uksille
adessive -ueel -uksiil
ablative -uelt -uksilt
translative -ueks -uksiks
essive -uenna, -ueen -uksinna, -uksiin
exessive1) -uent -uksint
1) obsolete
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl)
**) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.
Derived terms
[edit]

References

[edit]
  • V. I. Junus (1936) Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka[2], Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 57

Latin

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]

    From Old Latin -os, from Proto-Italic *-os, from Proto-Indo-European *-os (adjectival ending). Cognate with Ancient Greek -ος (-os), Proto-Germanic *-az, Icelandic -ur, Sanskrit -अः (-aḥ), Proto-Slavic *-ъ.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Suffix

    [edit]

    -us

    1. suffix of nouns in the second declension.
      1. (chiefly) nominative singular of -us
      2. (not productive) nominative/accusative/vocative singular of -us for second-declension neuter nouns.
        vīrus (a poisonous or acrid secretion); vulgus (common people); pelagus (sea)
    2. suffix of adjectives in the first/second declension.
      1. (chiefly) nominative singular of -us
    3. (New Latin) suffix used to Latinize names ending in consonants.
    Declension
    [edit]
    Derived terms
    [edit]

    Etymology 2

    [edit]

    Generally from Proto-Indo-European *-os (suffix forming neuter s-stem nouns from verbs), as in genus n from *ǵénh₁os n (race). Not a productive derivational suffix in Latin. The plural and oblique case forms have -r- as the result of the sound change of rhotacism. Additionally, in many words, the oblique stem has the vowel -ĕ- (as in generis), which is generally taken to be the phonetically regular development of the Proto-Indo-European forms. Some words, such as as decus, decoris, instead have -ŏ- in the oblique stem; this is the result of analogical introduction of the rounded vowel from the nominative/accusative singular form.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Suffix

    [edit]

    -us

    1. ending of some neuter nouns in the third declension.
      1. nominative/accusative/vocative singular of -us
    Declension
    [edit]
    Descendants
    [edit]

    From the plural -ora:

    • Romanian: -uri (final vowel replaced due to analogy with feminine plural forms)[1][2]
    • Sicilian: -ura, -ira, -ara[3]

    Etymology 3

    [edit]

    Not a single suffix, but an ending of various miscellaneous origins. In most words, from Old Latin -us, from Proto-Italic *-us, from Proto-Indo-European *-us as the final part of Proto-Indo-European *-tus (suffix deriving action nouns from verb roots).

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Suffix

    [edit]

    -us

    1. nominative/vocative singular of -us for nouns in the fourth declension.
    Declension
    [edit]

    Suffix

    [edit]

    -ūs

    1. nominative/vocative plural of -us for fourth-declension nouns.
    2. genitive singular of -us for fourth-declension nouns.
    3. accusative plural of -us for fourth-declension nouns.

    See also

    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ Nicolae, Andreea and Scontras, Gregory, 2015. "The Progression of Gender from Latin to Romanian," page 87
    2. ^ Maiden, Martin. January 2016. "Ambiguity in Romanian word-structure. The structure of plurals in ...uri" Revue Roumaine de Linguistique 61(1):3-12
    3. ^ Cruschina, Silvio (2021) “Language contact and morphological competition: Plurals in central Sicily”, in Word Structure[1], volume 14, number 2, pages 174-194

    Lithuanian

    [edit]

    Etymology 1

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    Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-ós (adjectival ending). Pairs such as lañkas (bend) : lankùs (flexible) find parallels in Sanskrit रुधिर (rúdhira-, blood) : रुधिर (rudhirá-, red), Ancient Greek δόλιχος (dólikhos, a long run) : δολιχός (dolikhós, long) and suggest that oxytone stress was used to mark adjectives in Proto-Indo-European. In Proto-Balto-Slavic, the raising of *o to *u must have been conditioned by stress, with the ending *-os giving Lithuanian -ùs under stress and -as otherwise.[1]

    Pronunciation

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    Suffix

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    -ùs m stress pattern 4

    1. Adjectival suffix, applied to verbal and nominal roots to denote a disposal or tendency towards something
      ardýti (take apart)ardùs (crumbly)
      kalbėti (talk)kalbùs (talkative)
    Declension
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    Derived terms
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    Etymology 2

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    From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-us, reflecting Proto-Indo-European u-stems.

    Alternative forms

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    Pronunciation

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    Suffix

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    -us, -ùs m

    1. Masculine nominal singular ending for u-stem nouns and adjectives.
      alùs (beer) (< Proto-Indo-European *h₂elu-)
      sūnùs (son) (< Proto-Indo-European *suHnús)
    Declension
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    (noun):

    (adjective):

    Etymology 3

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    From an older *-uos (compare the pronominal ending -uosius). From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ons; compare Latvian -us, Old Prussian -ans, Proto-Slavic *-y. From Proto-Indo-European *-ons (accusative plural ending), also reflected in Ancient Greek -ους (-ous), Latin -ōs, Sanskrit -आन् (-ān) and Gothic -𐌰𐌽𐍃 (-ans).

    Alternative forms

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    Pronunciation

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    Suffix

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    -us, -ùs

    1. Used to form accusative plurals of masculine a- and u-stem nouns.
    2. Used to form accusative plurals of masculine a-stem adjectives.
    Derived terms
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    Etymology 4

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    From Proto-Indo-European *-wōs. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *-vъ. See also -usi.

    Alternative forms

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    Pronunciation

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    Suffix

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    -us

    1. Used to form the past adverbial (padalyvis) participle
      bū́ti (to be)bùvo (was)bùvus (having been)
      slė̃pti (hide)past frequentative slė̃pdavo (hid)slė̃pdavus (having hidden)
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    References

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    1. ^ Eugen Hill. (2013) 'Historical phonology in service of subgrouping. Two laws of final syllables in the common prehistory of baltic and slavonic'. Baltistica, volume 48, number 2, p. 161-204

    Livvi

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    Etymology

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    From Proto-Finnic *-us. Cognates include Finnish -us and Estonian -us.

    Pronunciation

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    Suffix

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    -us (front vowel variant -ys)

    1. Used to form action nouns from verbs; -ion

    Derived terms

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    Middle English

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    Suffix

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    -us

    1. Alternative form of -ous

    Middle Welsh

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    Etymology

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    From Proto-Brythonic *-ʉs, from Latin -ōsus.[1] Cognate with Cornish -us.

    Suffix

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    -us

    1. -ous, full of, prone to; used to form adjectives from nouns

    Derived terms

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    Descendants

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    References

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    1. ^ J. Morris Jones, A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative (Oxford 1913), § 153 i 13.

    Northern Sami

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    Etymology

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    From Proto-Samic *-ōksë.

    Pronunciation

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    This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

    Suffix

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    -us

    1. Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that is to have the verb's action performed on it.
      vuošˈšat (to cook) + ‎-us → ‎vuoššus (something to be cooked)
      muitalit (to tell) + ‎-us → ‎muitalus (something to be told; story)
    2. Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that results from having the verb's action performed.
      juohkit (to divide) + ‎-us → ‎juogus (division, section)

    Usage notes

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    • This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable in the nominative singular and essive, and the strong grade in the other forms.

    When attached to even-syllable stems, there is diphthong simplification in all forms except the nominative singular and essive.

    Inflection

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    For even-syllable stems:

    Odd, no gradation
    Nominative -us
    Genitive -usa
    Singular Plural
    Nominative -us -usat
    Accusative -usa -usiid
    Genitive -usa -usiid
    Illative -usii -usiidda
    Locative -usis -usiin
    Comitative -usiin -usiiguin
    Essive -usin
    Possessive forms
    Singular Dual Plural
    1st person -usan -useamẹ -useamẹt
    2nd person -usat -useattẹ -useattẹt
    3rd person -usis -useaskkạ -useasẹt

    For odd-syllable stems:

    Even a-stem, ss-s gradation
    Nominative -us
    Genitive -usa
    Singular Plural
    Nominative -us -usat
    Accusative -usa -usaid
    Genitive -usa -usaid
    Illative -ussii -usaide
    Locative -usas -usain
    Comitative -usain -usaiguin
    Essive -ussan
    Possessive forms
    Singular Dual Plural
    1st person -ussan -ussame -ussamet
    2nd person -ussat -ussade -ussadet
    3rd person -ussas -ussaska -ussaset

    Derived terms

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    Old French

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    Alternative forms

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    Etymology

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    From Latin -ōsus.

    Suffix

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    -us

    1. -ous, used for forming adjectives

    Derived terms

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    Descendants

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    Old Irish

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    Etymology 1

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    From Proto-Celtic *-es-tus.

    Pronunciation

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    Suffix

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    -us

    1. Alternative form of -as

    Etymology 2

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    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

    Suffix

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    -us (suffixed pronoun)

    1. her (object pronoun), it (in reference to a feminine noun)
    2. them
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    See also
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    Polish

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    Etymology

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    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

    Pronunciation

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    • IPA(key): /us/
    • Rhymes: -us
    • Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]

    Suffix

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    -us

    1. derogatory suffix
      sługa + ‎-us → ‎sługus
    2. demonym suffix
      Kraków + ‎-us → ‎krakus

    Derived terms

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    Further reading

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    • -us in Polish dictionaries at PWN

    Welsh

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    Etymology

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    From Middle Welsh -us, from Proto-Brythonic *-ʉs, from Latin -ōsus.[1] Cognate with Cornish -us, Breton -us and English -ous.

    Pronunciation

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    Suffix

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    -us

    1. adjectival suffix often indicating a characteristic, propensity or abundance
      blas (taste) + ‎-us → ‎blasus (tasty)
      gwybod (to know) + ‎-us → ‎gwybodus (knowledgeable)
      anffawd (misfortune) + ‎-us → ‎anffodus (unfortunate)
    2. (chemistry) -ous, Used in chemical nomenclature to name chemical compounds in which a specified chemical element has a lower oxidation number than in the equivalent compound whose name ends in the suffix -ig. For example asid nitrus (nitrous acid, HNO2) has fewer oxygen atoms per molecule than asid nitrig (nitric acid, HNO3).

    Derived terms

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    References

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    1. ^ Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 153 i 13

    Further reading

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    • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-us”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies