research-article

On the impact of layer-2 on node degree distribution

Authors:

Pascal M�rindol,

Olivier Bonaventure,

Jean-Jacques PansiotAuthors Info & Claims

IMC '10: Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement

Pages 179 - 191

https://doi.org/10.1145/1879141.1879164

Published: 01 November 2010 Publication History

Abstract

The Internet topology data collected through traceroute exploration has been extensively studied in the past. In particular, a remarkable property of the Internet, the power-law shape of node degree distribution, drew the attention of the research community. Several studies have since questioned this property.

In this paper, based on a large dataset collected using mrinfo, we show that the node degree distribution is strongly impacted by the presence of layer-2 (L2) networks, such as switches. L2 devices interconnect a large number of routers, themselves being also involved in multiple L2 interconnections. Such a situation induces nodes with very high degree when analyzing the layer-3 (L3) graph with traceroute probing. Considering the physical design of a network, our analysis provides a lower bound on the bias generated by using only an L3 view. We also provide a model that can be a first step towards L2 aware topology generation.

References

[1]

k. claffy, Y. Hyun, K. Keys, M. Fomenkov, and D. Krioukov, "Internet mapping: from art to science," in phProc. IEEE Cybersecurity Applications and Technologies Conference for Homeland Security (CATCH), March 2009.

Digital Library

[2]

H. V. Madhyastha, T. Isdal, M. Piatek, C. Dixon, T. Anderson, A. Krishnamurthy, and A. Venkataramani, "iPlane: An information plane for distributed services," in Proc. USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI), November 2006.

Digital Library

[3]

Y. Shavitt and E. Shir, "DIMES: Let the internet measure itself," ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, vol. 35, no. 5, October 2005.

Digital Library

[4]

M. Luckie, "Scamper: a scalable and extensible packet probet for active measurement of the Internet," in Proc. USENIX/ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC), November 2010.

Digital Library

[5]

V. Jacobson et al., "traceroute," UNIX" man page, 1989, see source code: ftp://ftp.ee.lbl.gov/traceroute.tar.gz.

[6]

B. Donnet and T. Friedman, "Internet topology discovery: a survey," IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 2--15, December 2007.

Digital Library

[7]

R. Pastor-Satorras and A. Vespignani, Evolution and Structure of the Internet: a Statistical Physics Approach. Cambridge University Press, February 2004.

Digital Library

[8]

M. Faloutsos, P. Faloutsos, and C. Faloutsos, "On power-law relationships of the internet topology," in Proc. ACM SIGCOMM, September 1999.

Digital Library

[9]

A. Lakhina, J. Byers, M. Crovella, and P. Xie, "Sampling biases in IP topology measurements," in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, April 2003.

[10]

A. Clauset and C. Moore, "Traceroute sampling makes random graphs appear to have power law degree distributions," arXiv, cond-mat 0312674, February 2004.

[11]

P. Erd�s and A. R�nyi, "On the evolution of random graphs," Publ. Math. Inst. Hung. Acad. Sci., vol. 5, pp. 17--61, 1960.

[12]

J.-J. Pansiot and D. Grad, "On routes and multicast trees in the Internet," ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 41--50, January 1998.

Digital Library

[13]

W. Willinger, D. Alderson, and J. Doyle, "Mathematics and the Internet: a source of enormous confusion and great potential," Notices of the American Mathematical Society, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 586--599, May 2009.

[14]

V. Jacobson, "mrinfo" 1995, see http://cvsweb.netbsd.org/bsdweb.cgi/src/usr.sbin/mrinfo/?only_with_tag=%MAIN.

[15]

P. M�rindol, V. Van den Schriek, B. Donnet, O. Bonaventure, and J.-J. Pansiot, "Quantifying ASes multiconnectivity using multicast information," in Proc. ACM USENIX Internet Measurement Conference (IMC), November 2009.

Digital Library

[16]

J.-J. Pansiot, P. M�rindol, B. Donnet, and O. Bonaventure, "Extracting intra-domain topology from "mrinfo" probing," in Proc. Passive and Active Measurement Conference (PAM), April 2010.

Digital Library

[17]

S. Deering, "Host extensions for IP multicasting," Internet Engineering Task Force, RFC 1112, August 1989.

[18]

T. Pusateri, "Distance vector multicast routing protocol version 3 (DVMRP)," Internet Engineering Task Force, Internet Draft (Work in Progress) draft-ietf-idmr-dvmrp-v3--11, October 2003.

[19]

J.-J. Pansiot, "mrinfo dataset," see http://svnet.u-strasbg.fr/mrinfo/.

[20]

IANA, "Special-use IPv4 addresses," Internet Engineering Task Force, RFC 3330, September 2002.

[21]

W. Fenner, "Internet group management protocol (IGMP), version 2," Internet Engineering Task Force, RFC 2236, November 1997.

[22]

E. Rosen, A. Viswanathan, and R. Callon, "Multiprotocol label switching architecture," Internet Engineering Task Force, RFC 3031, January 2001.

[23]

L. Andersson, P. Doolan, N. Feldman, A. Fredette, and B. Thomas, "LDP specification," Internet Engineering Task Force, RFC 3036, January 2001.

[24]

D. Awduche, L. Berger, D. Gan, T. Li, V. Srinivasan, and G. Swallow, "RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP tunnels," Internet Engineering Task Force, RFC 3209, December 2001.

[25]

Y. Rekhter and E. Rosen, "Carrying label information in BGP-4," Internet Engineering Task Force, RFC 3107, May 2001.

[26]

K. Kompella and Y. Rekhter, "Virtual private LAN service (VPLS) using BGP for auto-discovery and signaling," Internet Engineering Task Force, RFC 4761, January 2007.

[27]

M. Lasserre and V. Kompella, "Virtual private LAN service (VPLS) using label distribution protocol (LDP) signaling," Internet Engineering Task Force, RFC 4762, January 2007.

[28]

J.-J. Pansiot, P. M�rindol, B. Donnet, and O. Bonaventure, "Internet topology discovery through mrinfo probing," Universit� catholique de Louvain (UCL), Tech. Rep., October 2009, see http://inl.info.ucl.ac.be/content/mrinfo.

[29]

N. Spring, R. Mahajan, and D. Wetherall, "Measuring ISP topologies with Rocketfuel," in Proc. ACM SIGCOMM, August 2002.

Digital Library

[30]

Y. Ohara, S. Imahori, and R. Van Meter, "MARA: Maximum alternative routing algorithm," in phProc. IEEE INFOCOM, April 2009.

[31]

K.-W. Kwong, L. Gao, R. Gu�rin, and Z.-L. Zhang, "On the feasibility and efficacy of protection routing in IP networks," in phProc. IEEE INFOCOM, March 2010.

Digital Library

[32]

B. Rajagopalan, J. Luciani, and D. Awduche, "IP over optical networks: a framework," Internet Engineering Task Force, RFC 3717, March 2004.

[33]

Network Protection, "Shared risk link group (SRLG)," February 2010, http://www.network-protection.net/shared-risk-link-group-srlg/.

[34]

B. Huffaker, A. Dhamdhere, M. Fomenkov, and k. caffy, "Toward topology dualism: Improving the accuracy of AS annotations for routers," in phProc. Passive and Active Measurement Conference (PAM), April 2010.

Digital Library

[35]

D. Magoni and J. J. Pansiot, "Analysis of the autonomous system network topology," ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 26 -- 37, July 2001.

Digital Library

[36]

A. Broido and k. claffy, "Internet topology: Connectivity of IP graphs," in Proc. SPIE International Symposium on Convergence of IT and Communication (ITCom), August 2001.

[37]

A. L. Barab�si and R. Albert, "Emergence of scaling in random networks," Science, vol. 286, pp. 509--512, October 1999.

[38]

A. Medina, I. Matta, and J. Byers, "On the origin of power laws in internet topologies," ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communications Review, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 18--28, April 2000.

Digital Library

[39]

Q. Chen, H. Chang, R. Govindan, S. Jamin, S. Shenker, and W. Willinger, "The origin of power laws in internet topologies revisited," in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, June 2002.

[40]

T. Petermann and P. De Los Rios, "Exploration of scale-free networks," The European Physical Journal B, vol. 38, p. 201, 2004.

[41]

L. Dall-Asta, I. Alvarez-Hamelin, A. Barrat, A. V�squez, and A. Vespignani, "A statistical approach to the traceroute-like exploration of networks: Theory and simulations," in phProc. Combinatorial and Algorithmic Aspects of Networking (CAAN) Workshop, August 2004.

Digital Library

[42]

J. L. Guillaume and M. Latapy, "Relevance of massively distributed explorations of the internet topology: Simulation results," in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, March 2005.

[43]

L. Li, D. Alderson, W. Willinger, and J. Doyle, "A first-principles approach to understanding the Internet's router-level topology," in Proc. ACM SIGCOMM, August 2004.

Digital Library

[44]

D. Alderson, L. Li, W. Willinger, and J. Doyle, "Understanding Internet topology: Principles, models, and validation," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 1205--1218, December 2005.

Digital Library

Cited By

Grailet JDonnet B(2019)Revisiting Subnet Inference WISE-ly2019 Network Traffic Measurement and Analysis Conference (TMA)10.23919/TMA.2019.8784582(73-80)Online publication date: Jun-2019
https://doi.org/10.23919/TMA.2019.8784582
Vanaubel YLuttringer JMerindol PPansiot JDonnet B(2019)TNT, Watch me Explode: A Light in the Dark for Revealing MPLS Tunnels2019 Network Traffic Measurement and Analysis Conference (TMA)10.23919/TMA.2019.8784525(65-72)Online publication date: Jun-2019
https://doi.org/10.23919/TMA.2019.8784525
Vanaubel YM�rindol PPansiot JDonnet BUhlig SMaennel O(2017)Through the wormholeProceedings of the 2017 Internet Measurement Conference10.1145/3131365.3131378(29-42)Online publication date: 1-Nov-2017
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3131365.3131378
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

On the impact of layer-2 on node degree distribution
1. Networks
  1. Network properties
    1. Network structure

Recommendations

Publishing Graph Degree Distribution with Node Differential Privacy
SIGMOD '16: Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Management of Data

Graph data publishing under node-differential privacy (node-DP) is challenging due to the huge sensitivity of queries. However, since a node in graph data oftentimes represents a person, node-DP is necessary to achieve personal data protection. In this ...
Quantifying ases multiconnectivity using multicast information
IMC '09: Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement

Redundant connectivity (or multiconnectivity) between adjacent autonomous systems (ASes) is important for interdomain traffic engineering and fast recovery in case of failures. However, the redundancy of ASes business relationship links has not been ...
Towards a bipartite graph modeling of the internet topology

Modeling the properties of the Internet topology aims at generating large scale artificial IP networks that mimic properties of real ones for simulation purposes. Current models typically consider the Internet as a simple graph where edges are point-to-...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences

IMC '10: Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement

November 2010

496 pages

ISBN:9781450304832

DOI:10.1145/1879141

Program Chair:
Mark Allman
International Computer Science Institute

Copyright � 2010 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Sponsors

In-Cooperation

USENIX Assoc: USENIX Assoc

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 01 November 2010

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Conference

IMC '10

Sponsor:

IMC '10: Internet Measurement Conference

November 1 - 30, 2010

Melbourne, Australia

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 277 of 1,083 submissions, 26%

Upcoming Conference

IMC '24

Sponsor:
sigcomm
sigcomm

ACM Internet Measurement Conference

November 4 - 6, 2024

Madrid , AA , Spain

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

13
Total Citations
View Citations
165
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)4
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)0

Reflects downloads up to 21 Oct 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Grailet JDonnet B(2019)Revisiting Subnet Inference WISE-ly2019 Network Traffic Measurement and Analysis Conference (TMA)10.23919/TMA.2019.8784582(73-80)Online publication date: Jun-2019
https://doi.org/10.23919/TMA.2019.8784582
Vanaubel YLuttringer JMerindol PPansiot JDonnet B(2019)TNT, Watch me Explode: A Light in the Dark for Revealing MPLS Tunnels2019 Network Traffic Measurement and Analysis Conference (TMA)10.23919/TMA.2019.8784525(65-72)Online publication date: Jun-2019
https://doi.org/10.23919/TMA.2019.8784525
Vanaubel YM�rindol PPansiot JDonnet BUhlig SMaennel O(2017)Through the wormholeProceedings of the 2017 Internet Measurement Conference10.1145/3131365.3131378(29-42)Online publication date: 1-Nov-2017
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3131365.3131378
Tarissan F(2015)Comparing Overlapping Properties of Real Bipartite NetworksISCS 2014: Interdisciplinary Symposium on Complex Systems10.1007/978-3-319-10759-2_32(309-317)Online publication date: 2015
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10759-2_32
Latapy MRotenberg ECrespelle CTarissan F(2014)Measuring the degree distribution of routers in the core internet2014 IFIP Networking Conference10.1109/IFIPNetworking.2014.6857096(1-9)Online publication date: Jun-2014
https://doi.org/10.1109/IFIPNetworking.2014.6857096
Donnet B(2013)Internet topology discoveryDataTraffic Monitoring and Analysis10.5555/2555672.2555676(44-81)Online publication date: 1-Jan-2013
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/2555672.2555676
Blanton ETozal MSarac KFahmy S(2013)Location matters: Eliciting responses to direct probes2013 IEEE 32nd International Performance Computing and Communications Conference (IPCCC)10.1109/PCCC.2013.6742782(1-10)Online publication date: Dec-2013
https://doi.org/10.1109/PCCC.2013.6742782
Tarissan FQuoitin BM�Rindol PDonnet BPansiot JLatapy M(2013)Towards a bipartite graph modeling of the internet topologyComputer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking10.1016/j.comnet.2013.04.00757:11(2331-2347)Online publication date: 1-Aug-2013
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1016/j.comnet.2013.04.007
Donnet B(2013)Internet Topology DiscoveryData Traffic Monitoring and Analysis10.1007/978-3-642-36784-7_3(44-81)Online publication date: 2013
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36784-7_3
Zhang XPhillips C(2012)A Survey on Selective Routing Topology Inference Through Active ProbingIEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials10.1109/SURV.2011.081611.0004014:4(1129-1141)Online publication date: Dec-2013
https://doi.org/10.1109/SURV.2011.081611.00040
Show More Cited By

View Options

Get Access

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Table of Contents