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Table 3

Summary of reviewed studies (Q = questionnaire, E = examination, NM = not mentioned, F = female, M = male

StudyCountryStudy designToolUrban or ruralSettingSample sizePopulationAge:YrsGenderResponse rate
Mulimba 199019NairobiRetrospectiveEUrbanPrivate clinic2201Ortho patients11–75F/MNM
Bezzaoucha 199221AlgiersSurveyQRuralCommunity6956Residents15 +F/MNM
Bwanahali et al 199222ZaireRetrospectiveQRuralHospital169OPD patientsF/MNM
Harris 199320South AfricaSurveyQUrbanClubs110Cricketers15–35M90
Schierhout et al 199329South AfricaCross-sectionalQUrbanWork155Factory workersNMF/M100
Mijiyawa et al 200024TogoRetrospectiveQRuralHospital9065OPD patients17–94F/M100
Omokhodion et al 200025NigeriaCross-sectionalQRuralHospital74Hospital staff20–60F/M93
Worku 200011South AfricaRetrospectiveQRuralCommunity4001MothersNMF100
Wallner-Scholtfeldt et al 200030South AfricaSurveyQUrbanWork196Workers23–59M64
Omokhodion 200226NigeriaCross-sectionalQRuralHouses900Residents20–85F/M100
Mbaye et al 200023SenegalCross-sectionalQUrbanWork69WorkersMNM
Omokhodion et al 200315NigeriaCross-sectionalQUrbanWork1285Office workers20–60F/M66
Igumbor et al 200331ZimbabweCross-sectionalQUrbanWork198Physiotherapists23–76F/M72
Omokhodion 200416NigeriaCross-sectionalQUrbanCommunity474Residents20–82F/M100
Govender 200432South AfricaSurveyQUrbanHospital320Nurses20–62F/M68
Puckree et al 200433South AfricaSurveyQUrbanSchools320Scholars11–14F/M55
Prista et al 200427MozambiqueSurveyQRural/urbanSchools204Scholars11–16F/M85
Fabunmi et al 200541NigeriaSurveyQRuralFarms500Farmers25–84F/M100
Sanya et al 200542NigeriaCross-sectionalQUrbanIndustry604Industrial workers20–60F/M53
Bejia (Adol) et al 200534TunisiaCross-sectionalQUrbanSchools622Scholars11–19F/M98
Jordaan et al 200528South AfricaCross sectionalQRural/UrbanSchools1123Scholars13–18F/M89
Adedoyin et al 200535NigeriaSurveyQUrbanUniversities1115Computer usersNMF/M93
Bejia (hosp) et al 200536TunisiaSurveyQUrbanHospital350Hospital staff18–60F/M100
Van Vuuren et al 200537South AfricaCross-sectionalQUrbanWork109WorkersNMM96
Galukande et al 200538UgandaCross-sectionalQUrbanHospital204Outpatients19–86F/M100
Van Vuuren et al 200539South AfricaCross-sectionalQUrbanWork366WorkersNMNM100
Van Vuuren et al 200640South AfricaCross-sectionalQUrbanWork366WorkersNMM100